阿里云CentOS 7.4 使用Flask建站的方法
<p>python web 部署方式为：nginx + gunicorn + supervisor + flask</p>
<p>
<span><strong>一、准备工作，先来安装pip</strong></span></p>
<p>
详细教程如：</p>
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1、首先检查linux有没有安装python-pip包，直接执行 yum install python-pip</p>
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※显示No package python-pip available. 则没有，继续如下操作</p>
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2、没有python-pip包就执行命令 yum -y install epel-release</p>
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3、执行成功之后，再次执行yum install python-pip</p>
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4,、对安装好的pip进行升级 pip install --upgrade pip</p>
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至此，pip工具就安装好了。</p>
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<span><strong>二、创建一个项目和 python 虚拟环境</strong></span></p>
<p>
使用python的virtualenv创建虚拟环境 。用来在一个系统中创建不同的 python 隔离环境。相互之间还不会影响，而且使用相当简单。</p>
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<code class="bash functions">mkdir</code> <code class="bash plain">myflask</code>
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<code class="bash functions">cd</code> <code class="bash plain">myflask</code>
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<code class="bash plain">virtualenv venv</code>
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创建了 venv 环境之后，激活就可以了</p>
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<code class="plain plain">source venv/bin/activate</code>
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<span><strong>三、安装 python web 框架 — flask</strong></span></p>
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flask 是一个 python web 轻型框架，简洁高效。flask 依赖两个库 werkzeug 和 jinjia2。可采用 pip 方式安装：</p>
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<code class="py plain">pip install flask</code>
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测试我们的 flask 安装是否成功，并使用 flask 写一个简单的 web 服务。</p>
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vim run.py</p>
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<code class="py keyword">from</code> <code class="py plain">flask </code><code class="py keyword">import</code> <code class="py plain">Flask</code>
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<code class="py plain">app </code><code class="py keyword">=</code> <code class="py plain">Flask(__name__)</code>
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<code class="py decorator">@app</code><code class="py plain">.route(</code><code class="py string">'/'</code><code class="py plain">)</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py keyword">return</code> <code class="py string">'hello world!'</code>
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<code class="py keyword">if</code> <code class="py plain">__name__ </code><code class="py keyword">=</code><code class="py keyword">=</code> <code class="py string">'__main__'</code><code class="py plain">:</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">app.run()</code>
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启动 flask</p>
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<code class="plain plain">python run.py</code>
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此时，用浏览器访问 http://127.0.0.1:5000 就能看到网页显示 hello world!</p>
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<span><strong>三、使用 gunicorn 部署 python web</strong></span></p>
<p>
现在我们使用 flask 自带的服务器，完成了 web 服务的启动。生产环境下，flask 自带的 服务器，无法满足性能要求。我们这里采用 gunicorn 做 wsgi容器，用来部署 python，用pip直接安装。</p>
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<code class="py plain">pip install gunicorn</code>
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pip 是python 用来管理包的一个重要工具。每次安装新库后写入一个 requirement 文件里面，既能知道自己安装了什么库，也方便别人部署时，安装相应的库。</p>
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<code class="py plain">pip freeze > requirements.txt</code>
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以后每次 pip 安装了新的库的时候，都需freeze 一次。完整保存好requirement文本，重新安装库则只需要执行如下操作：</p>
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<code class="py plain">pip install </code><code class="py keyword">-</code><code class="py plain">r requirements.txt</code>
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当我们安装好 gunicorn 之后，需要用 gunicorn 启动 flask，注意 flask 里面的name里面的代码启动了 app.run(),这个含义是用 flask 自带的服务器启动 app。这里我们使用了 gunicorn，run.py 就等同于一个库文件，被 gunicorn 调用。</p>
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<code class="plain plain">gunicorn -w4 -b0.0.0.0:5000 run:app #-w worker数量 -b 访问地址</code>
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此时，我们可以用 5000 的端口进行访问。</p>
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想要结束 gunicorn 只需执行 pkill gunicorn，有时候还需要用 ps 找到 pid 进程号才能 kill。</p>
<p>
<span><strong>四、使用nginx</strong></span></p>
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nginx，一个高性能的web服务器。通常用来在前端做反向代理服务器。代理服务，简而言之，一个请求经过代理服务器从局域网发出，然后到达互联网上服务器，这个过程的代理为正向代理。如果一个请求，从互联网过来，先进入代理服务器，再由代理服务器转发给局域网的目标服务器，这个时候，代理服务器为反向代理（相对正向而言）。</p>
<p>
1. gcc 安装</p>
<p>
安装 nginx 需要先将官网下载的源码进行编译，编译依赖 gcc 环境，如果没有 gcc 环境，则需要安装：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">yum </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">gcc-c++</code>
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2. PCRE pcre-devel 安装</p>
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PCRE(Perl Compatible Regular Expressions) 是一个Perl库，包括 perl 兼容的正则表达式库。nginx 的 http 模块使用 pcre 来解析正则表达式，所以需要在 linux 上安装 pcre 库，pcre-devel 是使用 pcre 开发的一个二次开发库。nginx也需要此库。命令：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">yum </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">-y pcre pcre-devel</code>
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3. zlib 安装</p>
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zlib 库提供了很多种压缩和解压缩的方式， nginx 使用 zlib 对 http 包的内容进行 gzip ，所以需要在 Centos 上安装 zlib 库。</p>
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4. OpenSSL 安装</p>
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OpenSSL 是一个强大的安全套接字层密码库，囊括主要的密码算法、常用的密钥和证书封装管理功能及 SSL 协议，并提供丰富的应用程序供测试或其它目的使用。</p>
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nginx 不仅支持 http 协议，还支持 https（即在ssl协议上传输http），所以需要在 Centos 安装 OpenSSL 库。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">yum </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">-y openssl openssl-devel</code>
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5. 使用wget下载nginx：</p>
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<code class="bash functions">cd</code> <code class="bash plain">nginx-1.13.12</code>
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<code class="bash functions">make</code> <code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash comments">#编译安装</code>
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然后配置Nginx，刚才安装了Nginx之后，我们打开/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf，然后修改默认的default.conf为：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">server {</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">listen 80;</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">server_name localhost;</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">location / {</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">proxy_redirect off;</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;</code>
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其中server_name就是你的域名，这里用localhost代表通过ip访问，配置好default.conf之后试着启动Nginx！</p>
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<code class="bash plain">Starting nginx: [ OK ]</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># nginx -s reload</code>
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ok!到这一步，整个部署过程就完成了！</p>
<p>
<span><strong>六、为了方便管理使用supervisor</strong></span></p>
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1.安装 supervisor</p>
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<code class="py plain">pip install supervisor</code>
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<code class="py plain">echo_supervisord_conf > supervisor.conf </code><code class="py comments"># 生成 supervisor 默认配置文件</code>
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<code class="py plain">vim supervisor.conf </code><code class="py comments"># 修改 supervisor 配置文件，添加 gunicorn和nginx</code>
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2.添加gunicorn到supervisor中，添加到配置最下面。此处因为使用了python虚拟环境，可先在虚拟环境找到gunicorn地址，使用whereis 如：/usr/local/bin/gunicorn，记住此位置加入到supervisor的command中，如下：</p>
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<code class="plain plain">【program:myflask】</code>
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<code class="plain plain">command = /usr/local/bin/gunicorn -w4 -b0.0.0.0:5000 run:app</code>
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<code class="plain plain">directory = /home/myflask #位置</code>
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<code class="plain plain">autostart = true #自动启动</code>
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<code class="plain plain">startsecs = 5</code>
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<code class="plain plain">autorestart = true #自动重启</code>
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<code class="plain plain">startretries = 3 #启动失败时的最多重试次数</code>
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<code class="plain plain">redirect_stderr = true #重定向stderr到stdout</code>
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<code class="plain plain">stdout_logfile = /var/log/flask_supervisor.log</code>
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3、添加nginx进程到supervisor</p>
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先新建一个log文件夹</p>
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<code class="plain plain">command = /usr/sbin/nginx</code>
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<code class="plain plain">autostart = true #随着supervisord的启动而启动</code>
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<code class="plain plain">autorestart = true #自动重启</code>
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<code class="plain plain">startretries = 10 #启动失败时的最多重试次数</code>
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<code class="plain plain">exitcodes = 0 #正常退出代码</code>
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<code class="plain plain">stopsignal = KILL #用来杀死进程的信号</code>
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<code class="plain plain">stopwaitsecs = 10 #发送SIGKILL前的等待时间</code>
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<code class="plain plain">redirect_stderr = true #重定向stderr到stdout</code>
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<code class="plain plain">stdout_logfile = /home/myflask/log/nginx.log</code>
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<code class="plain plain">stdout_logfile = /home/myflask/log/nginx.err</code>
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4.启用supervisor管理工具</p>
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<code class="plain plain">supervisord -c supervisord.conf</code>
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<code class="plain plain">#sudo unlink /tmp/supervisor.sock #如上面启动失败先使用此命令之后在使用上面命令</code>
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<code class="plain plain">supervisorctl start all</code>
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至此所有配置结束，试试网站是否如正常运行吧，还可增加supervisor开机自启动（这个未试验，大家试试看吧）：</p>
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<code class="bash comments">#开机任务自动启动</code>
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<code class="bash functions">vi</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/rc</code><code class="bash plain">.d</code><code class="bash plain">/rc</code><code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash functions">local</code> <code class="bash comments">#并在最后添加</code>
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<code class="bash plain">supervisord -c </code><code class="bash plain">/home/myflask/supervisord</code><code class="bash plain">.conf</code>
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<code class="bash comments">#尾声：通过以上步骤，那么基本上就可以开启启动网站了！reboot试一试~~</code>
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<p>
※supervisor的基本使用命令</p>
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<code class="bash plain">supervisord -c supervisor.conf </code><code class="bash comments">#通过配置文件启动supervisor</code>
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<code class="bash plain">supervisorctl status </code><code class="bash comments">#察看supervisor的状态</code>
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<code class="bash plain">supervisorctl reload </code><code class="bash comments">#重新载入 配置文件</code>
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<code class="bash plain">supervisorctl start | </code><code class="bash comments">#启动指定/所有 supervisor管理的程序进程</code>
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<code class="bash plain">supervisorctl stop | </code><code class="bash comments">#关闭指定/所有 supervisor管理的程序进程</code>
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以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持服务器之家。</p>
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原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/lethon/p/8808368.html</p>
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