Linux基础学习之文件查找find的常见用法
<p><span><strong>前言</strong></span></p>
<p>
在linux的日常管理中，find的使用频率很高，熟练掌握对提高工作效率很有帮助。</p>
<p>
find的语法比较简单，常用参数的就那么几个，比如-name、-type、-ctime等。初学的同学直接看第二部分的例子，如需进一步了解参数说明，可以参考find的帮助文档。</p>
<p>
find语法如下：</p>
<p>
<code>find(选项)(参数)</code></p>
<p>
<span><strong>常用例子</strong></span></p>
<p>
<strong>根据文件名查找</strong></p>
<p>
列出当前目录以及子目录下的所有文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code>
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找到当前目录下名字为11.png的文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -name </code><code class="bash string">"11.png"</code>
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找到当前目录下所有的jpg文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.jpg"</code>
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<p>
找到当前目录下的jpg文件和png文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.jpg"</code> <code class="bash plain">-o -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.png"</code>
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找出当前目录下不是以png结尾的文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. ! -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.png"</code>
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<p>
<strong>根据正则表达式查找</strong></p>
<p>
备注：正则表示式比原先想的要复杂，支持好几种类型。可以参考这里</p>
<p>
找到当前目录下，文件名都是数字的png文件。</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -regex </code><code class="bash string">"\./*+\.png"</code>
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<strong>根据路径查找</strong></p>
<p>
找出当前目录下，路径中包含wysiwyg的文件/路径。</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -path </code><code class="bash string">"*wysiwyg*"</code>
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<strong>根据文件类型查找</strong></p>
<p>
通过-type进行文件类型的过滤。</p>
<ul>
<li>
f 普通文件</li>
<li>
l 符号连接</li>
<li>
d 目录</li>
<li>
c 字符设备</li>
<li>
b 块设备</li>
<li>
s 套接字</li>
<li>
p Fifo</li>
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举例，查找当前目录下，路径中包含wysiwyg的文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -path </code><code class="bash string">"*wysiwyg*"</code>
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<strong>限制搜索深度</strong></p>
<p>
找出当前目录下所有的png，不包括子目录。</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -maxdepth 1 -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.png"</code>
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相对应的，也是mindepth选项。</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -mindepth 2 -maxdepth 2 -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.png"</code>
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<strong>根据文件大小</strong></p>
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通过-size来过滤文件尺寸。支持的文件大小单元如下</p>
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b —— 块（512字节）</li>
<li>
c —— 字节</li>
<li>
w —— 字（2字节）</li>
<li>
k —— 千字节</li>
<li>
M —— 兆字节</li>
<li>
G —— 吉字节</li>
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举例来说，找出当前目录下文件大小超过100M的文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -size +100M</code>
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<strong>根据访问/修改/变化时间</strong></p>
<p>
支持下面的时间类型。</p>
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访问时间（-atime/天，-amin/分钟）：用户最近一次访问时间。</li>
<li>
修改时间（-mtime/天，-mmin/分钟）：文件最后一次修改时间。</li>
<li>
变化时间（-ctime/天，-cmin/分钟）：文件数据元（例如权限等）最后一次修改时间。</li>
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举例，找出1天内被修改过的文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -mtime -1</code>
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找出最近1周内被访问过的文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -atime -7</code>
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将日志目录里超过一个礼拜的日志文件，移动到/tmp/old_logs里。</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -mtime +7 -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.log"</code> <code class="bash plain">-</code><code class="bash functions">exec</code> <code class="bash functions">mv</code> <code class="bash plain">{} </code><code class="bash plain">/tmp/old_logs</code> <code class="bash plain">\;</code>
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<span><strong>注意：</strong></span> {} 用于与-exec选项结合使用来匹配所有文件，然后会被替换为相应的文件名。</p>
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另外，\;用来表示命令结束，如果没有加，则会有如下提示</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code><code class="bash plain">: -</code><code class="bash functions">exec</code><code class="bash plain">: no terminating </code><code class="bash string">";"</code> <code class="bash plain">or </code><code class="bash string">"+"</code>
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<strong>根据权限</strong></p>
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通过-perm来实现。举例，找出当前目录下权限为777的文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -perm 777</code>
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<p>
找出当前目录下权限不是644的php文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.php"</code> <code class="bash plain">! -perm 644</code>
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<p>
<strong>根据文件拥有者</strong></p>
<p>
找出文件拥有者为root的文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -user root</code>
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<p>
找出文件所在群组为root的文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -group root</code>
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<p>
<strong>找到文件后执行命令</strong></p>
<p>
通过-ok、和-exec来实现。区别在于，-ok在执行命令前，会进行二次确认，-exec不会。</p>
<p>
看下实际例子。删除当前目录下所有的js文件。用-ok的效果如下，删除前有二次确认</p>
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<code class="bash plain">➜ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.js"</code> <code class="bash plain">-ok </code><code class="bash functions">rm</code> <code class="bash plain">{} \;</code>
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<code class="bash string">"rm ./1.js"</code><code class="bash plain">?</code>
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<p>
试下-exec。直接就删除了</p>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.js"</code> <code class="bash plain">-</code><code class="bash functions">exec</code> <code class="bash functions">rm</code> <code class="bash plain">{} \;</code>
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<p>
<strong>找出空文件</strong></p>
<p>
例子如下</p>
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<code class="bash functions">touch</code> <code class="bash plain">{1..9}.txt</code>
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<code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash string">"hello"</code> <code class="bash plain">> 1.txt</code>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -empty</code>
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<strong>查找两天前修改过的文件：</strong></p>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_967437">
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<span>?</span>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -mtime -2</code>
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<p>
<strong>查找3天内修改过的文件：</strong></p>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_610699">
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<span>?</span>
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<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">-ctime -3</code>
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<p>
<strong>find命令查找使用超过6天，空文件独立查询命令：</strong></p>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_260415">
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<span>?</span>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">/data/backup</code> <code class="bash plain">-ctime +6 -</code><code class="bash functions">exec</code> <code class="bash functions">rm</code> <code class="bash plain">-f {} \;</code>
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<p>
<strong>删除/data/backup目录下修改时间超过6天的文件。 </strong></p>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_360475">
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<span>?</span>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">/data/backup</code> <code class="bash plain">-</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">d -empty -</code><code class="bash functions">exec</code> <code class="bash functions">rmdir</code> <code class="bash plain">{} \; ></code><code class="bash plain">/dev/null</code> <code class="bash plain">2>&1</code>
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<p>
删除/data/backup目录下空的文件夹，同时输出正确和错误信息到空。</p>
<p>
<strong>查找超过6天且是空文件的find命令：</strong></p>
<div class="jb51code">
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<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_940056">
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<span>?</span>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">./ -</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">d -empty -ctime +6</code>
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<p>
按修改时间来查找文件，要用到选项-mtime：</p>
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3</div>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">/home/admin</code> <code class="bash plain">-mtime -1 </code><code class="bash comments">#查找/home/admin目录下修改时间在1天之内的文件</code>
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<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">/home/admin</code> <code class="bash plain">-name *.txt -mtime -1 </code><code class="bash comments">#查找/home/admin目录下修改时间在1天之内的文件名为.txt结尾的文件</code>
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<p>
<span><strong>总结</strong></span></p>
<p>
以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了，希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值，如果有疑问大家可以留言交流，谢谢大家对的支持。</p>
<p>
原文链接：https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000012580860</p>
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