Ubuntu 16.04无法切换root权限问题的解决
<p><span><strong>发现问题</strong></span></p>
<p>
在su root时发现无法切换到root权限.显示: /usr/local/bin/zsh 没有文件或目录</p>
<p>
想了想问题所在,突然想起来前段时间想要更换shell主题,于是装了zsh和oh-my-zsh,用了一段时间感觉没有bash好用(纯粹个人感觉),于是<code>sudo apt remove zsh</code>了.</p>
<p>
当时将默认的shell改成了zsh:</p>
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<code class="bash plain">chsh -s </code><code class="bash plain">/bin/zsh</code>
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那么chsh到底修改了哪里呢? <code>chsh -s </code>其实修改的是你的/etc/passwd文件里和你用户名相对应的一行,我们可以查看一下:</p>
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<code class="bash plain">shanlei@shanlei-Lenovo-ideapad-110-15ISK:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">cat</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/passwd</code><code class="bash plain">|</code><code class="bash functions">grep</code> <code class="bash plain">^shanlei</code>
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<code class="bash plain">shanlei:x:1000:1000:shanlei,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/home/shanlei</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/zsh</code>
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<code class="bash plain">shanlei@shanlei-Lenovo-ideapad-110-15ISK:~$</code>
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<span><strong>解决方法</strong></span></p>
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进入passwd:</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">vim </code><code class="bash plain">/etc/passwd</code>
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我们可以看到 :</p>
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<code class="bash plain">root:x:0:0:root:</code><code class="bash plain">/root</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/local/bin/zsh</code>
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<code class="bash plain">daemon:x:1:1:daemon:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">bin:x:2:2:bin:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">sys:x:3:3:sys:</code><code class="bash plain">/dev</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash functions">sync</code><code class="bash plain">:x:4:65534:</code><code class="bash functions">sync</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/sync</code>
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<code class="bash plain">games:x:5:60:games:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/games</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash functions">man</code><code class="bash plain">:x:6:12:</code><code class="bash functions">man</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/cache/man</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">lp:x:7:7:lp:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/spool/lpd</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">mail:x:8:8:mail:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/mail</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">news:x:9:9:news:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/spool/news</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">uucp:x:10:10:uucp:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/spool/uucp</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">proxy:x:13:13:proxy:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">www-data:x:33:33:www-data:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/www</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">backup:x:34:34:backup:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/backups</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/list</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">irc:x:39:39:ircd:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/run/ircd</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/gnats</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:</code><code class="bash plain">/nonexistent</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">systemd-timesync:x:100:102:systemd Time Synchronization,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/run/systemd</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">systemd-network:x:101:103:systemd Network Management,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/run/systemd/netif</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">systemd-resolve:x:102:104:systemd Resolver,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/run/systemd/resolve</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">systemd-bus-proxy:x:103:105:systemd Bus Proxy,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/run/systemd</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">syslog:x:104:108::</code><code class="bash plain">/home/syslog</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">_apt:x:105:65534::</code><code class="bash plain">/nonexistent</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">messagebus:x:106:110::</code><code class="bash plain">/var/run/dbus</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">uuidd:x:107:111::</code><code class="bash plain">/run/uuidd</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">lightdm:x:108:114:Light Display Manager:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/lightdm</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">whoopsie:x:109:116::</code><code class="bash plain">/nonexistent</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">avahi-autoipd:x:110:119:Avahi autoip daemon,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/avahi-autoipd</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">avahi:x:111:120:Avahi mDNS daemon,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/run/avahi-daemon</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">dnsmasq:x:112:65534:dnsmasq,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/misc</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">colord:x:113:123:colord colour management daemon,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/colord</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">speech-dispatcher:x:114:29:Speech Dispatcher,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/run/speech-dispatcher</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">hplip:x:115:7:HPLIP system user,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/run/hplip</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">kernoops:x:116:65534:Kernel Oops Tracking Daemon,,,:/:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">pulse:x:117:124:PulseAudio daemon,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/run/pulse</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">rtkit:x:118:126:RealtimeKit,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/proc</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">saned:x:119:127::</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/saned</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">usbmux:x:120:46:usbmux daemon,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/usbmux</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/false</code>
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<code class="bash plain">shanlei:x:1000:1000:shanlei,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/home/shanlei</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/zsh</code>
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<p>
因为我想要的是默认的bash,所以我修改了passwd文件的第一行和最后一行:</p>
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第一行的/usr/local/bin/bash改成/usr/local/bin/zsh，这个是root用户的:</p>
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<code class="bash plain">root:x:0:0:root:</code><code class="bash plain">/root</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/local/bin/bash</code>
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把最后一行的/bin/bash改成/bin/zsh，这个应该是每台电脑的登录用户名+计算机名组成的:</p>
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<code class="bash plain">shanlei:x:1000:1000:shanlei,,,:</code><code class="bash plain">/home/shanlei</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/bash</code>
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保存退出,重启shell,切换root权限,发现/usr/local/bin/bash 没有文件或目录</p>
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检查bash安装位置:</p>
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<code class="bash plain">shanlei@shanlei-Lenovo-ideapad-110-15ISK:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">whereis</code> <code class="bash functions">bash</code>
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<code class="bash functions">bash</code><code class="bash plain">: </code><code class="bash plain">/bin/bash</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/bash</code><code class="bash plain">.bashrc </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/share/man/man1/bash</code><code class="bash plain">.1.gz</code>
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<code class="bash plain">shanlei@shanlei-Lenovo-ideapad-110-15ISK:~$</code>
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<p>
发现bash的执行文件在/bin/bash,于是重新修改/etc/passwd文件的第一行:</p>
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<code class="bash plain">root:x:0:0:root:</code><code class="bash plain">/root</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/bash</code>
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<p>
然后把默认的shell改为bash:</p>
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<code class="bash plain">chsh -s </code><code class="bash plain">/bin/bash</code>
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<p>
再次切换:</p>
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<code class="bash plain">shanlei@shanlei-Lenovo-ideapad-110-15ISK:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">su</code> <code class="bash plain">-</code>
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<code class="bash plain">密码： </code>
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<code class="bash plain">root@shanlei-Lenovo-ideapad-110-15ISK:~</code><code class="bash comments">#</code>
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<p>
成功~</p>
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-------- 美丽的分割线 --------</p>
<p>
<span><strong>修改ubuntu默认shell的另外两种方式:</strong></span></p>
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ln -s : 强制把/bin/sh的软链接改到bash中: <code>sudo ln -s /bin/bash /bin/sh</code>
</li>
<li>
dpkg-reconfigure dash:在Ubuntu中建议使用这个方法:<code>sudo dpkg-reconfigure dash</code>，弹出来个选择项，把“dash设为默认shell”选择no。</li>
</ul>
<p>
怎样查看自己的机器上装了哪些shell?</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_856431">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
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2</div>
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3</div>
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</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
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<code class="bash plain">shanlei@shanlei-Lenovo-ideapad-110-15ISK:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">cat</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/shells</code>
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<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash comments"># /etc/shells: valid login shells</code>
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<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">/bin/sh</code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">/bin/dash</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">/bin/bash</code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">/bin/rbash</code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">shanlei@shanlei-Lenovo-ideapad-110-15ISK:~$</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool">
<div class="code_n">
<textarea></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
怎样查看自己当前使用的shell是哪个?(<span><strong>注意SHELL一定要是大写</strong></span>!)</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_97809">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
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<code class="bash plain">shanlei@shanlei-Lenovo-ideapad-110-15ISK:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">$SHELL</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">/bin/bash</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">shanlei@shanlei-Lenovo-ideapad-110-15ISK:~$</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool">
<div class="code_n">
<textarea></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
执行了zsh之后，我查看当前shell类型仍然是/bin/bash呢？</p>
<p>
当前的shell是一个大环境,是针对一个已登录用户而言的,而我们使用的bash或zsh只是启动了一个bash或zsh解释器程序而已,并没有改变大环境,如果想要改变改变大环境,必须使用chsh</p>
<p>
<span><strong>总结</strong></span></p>
<p>
以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了，希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值，如果有疑问大家可以留言交流，谢谢大家对的支持。</p>
<p>
原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/lishanlei/p/8352411.html</p>
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