Linux下安装Keepalived及原理分析
<p><span><strong>1、keepalived 原理</strong></span></p>
<p>
1、keepalived是什么</p>
<p>
keepalived是集群管理中保证集群高可用的一个服务软件，其功能类似于heartbeat，用来防止单点故障。</p>
<p>
2、keepalived工作原理</p>
<p>
keepalived是以vrrp协议为实现基础的，vrrp全称virtual router redundancy protocol，即虚拟路由冗余协议。</p>
<p>
虚拟路由冗余协议，可以认为是实现路由器高可用的协议，即将n台提供相同功能的路由器组成一个路由器组，这个组里面有一个master和多个backup，master上面有一个对外提供服务的vip（该路由器所在局域网内其他机器的默认路由为该vip），master会发组播，当backup收不到vrrp包时就认为master宕掉了，这时就需要根据vrrp的优先级来选举一个backup当master。这样的话就可以保证路由器的高可用了。</p>
<p>
keepalived主要有三个模块，分别是core、check和vrrp。core模块为keepalived的核心，负责主进程的启动、维护以及全局配置文件的加载和解析。check负责健康检查，包括常见的各种检查方式。vrrp模块是来实现vrrp协议的。</p>
<p>
3、keepalived的配置文件</p>
<p>
keepalived只有一个配置文件keepalived.conf，里面主要包括以下几个配置区域，分别是global_defs、static_ipaddress、static_routes、vrrp_script、vrrp_instance和virtual_server</p>
<p>
<span><strong>2、keepalived 在linux下的安装</strong></span></p>
<p>
<strong>1、准备工作</strong></p>
<p>
linux主机：10.122.111.80 、<br>
linux主机：10.122.111.81、<br>
虚拟ip：10.122.111.99、<br>
操作系统：银河麒麟 v3.3</p>
<p>
<strong>2、安装keepalived</strong></p>
<p>
两台linux主机都需要安装keepalived，如下步骤两台机需要重复进行。</p>
<p>
<strong>1、下载keepalived</strong></p>
<p>
下载至目录：/home/zz/user/software</p>
<p>
wget http://keepalived.org/software/keepalived-1.3.8.tar.gz</p>
<p>
<strong>2、解压keepalived</strong></p>
<p>
tar -zxvf keepalived-1.3.8.tar.gz</p>
<p>
<strong>3、配置keepalived</strong></p>
<p>
cd keepalived-1.3.8/</p>
<p>
./configure</p>
<p>
此步骤可能出现错误，</p>
<p>
checking libnfnetlink/libnfnetlink.h usability... no</p>
<p>
checking libnfnetlink/libnfnetlink.h presence... no</p>
<p>
checking for libnfnetlink/libnfnetlink.h... no</p>
<p>
configure: error: libnfnetlink headers missing</p>
<p>
如下图：</p>
<p>
<img title="Linux下安装Keepalived及原理分析" alt="Linux下安装Keepalived及原理分析" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/3bd4724ec8b56385594ee4ad9b665854.jpg"></p>
<p>
解决方法如下：</p>
<p>
将 usr.zip 包解压至keepalived-1.3.8目录，解压，然后执行</p>
<p>
cp -r usr/ /</p>
<p>
成功后，重新执行</p>
<p>
./configure</p>
<p>
成功，如下图：</p>
<p>
<img title="Linux下安装Keepalived及原理分析" alt="Linux下安装Keepalived及原理分析" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/ba50da5f4a144863cde5b71f0fca34b5.jpg"></p>
<p>
<strong>4、编译安装keepalived</strong></p>
<p>
make<br>
make install</p>
<p>
<span><strong>3、配置防火墙</strong></span></p>
<p>
firewall-cmd --direct --permanent --add-rule ipv4 filter input 0 \ --in-interface p4p1 --destination 224.0.0.18 --protocol vrrp -j accept</p>
<p>
firewall-cmd --direct --permanent --add-rule ipv4 filter output 0 \ --out-interface p4p1 --destination 224.0.0.18 --protocol vrrp -j accept</p>
<p>
firewall-cmd --reload</p>
<p>
注意：上述【p4p1】为配置的网卡名称。</p>
<p>
<span><strong>4、配置服务启动</strong></span></p>
<p>
cp /home/zz/user/software/keepalived-1.3.8/keepalived/etc/init.d/keepalived /etc/init.d/<br>
mkdir /etc/keepalived<br>
cp /usr/local/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/</p>
<p>
执行完成后，即可使用服务的形式启动keepalived，如下：</p>
<p>
service keepalived start</p>
<p>
如果使用 service keepalived status命令查看状态出现如下问题：</p>
<p>
/etc/init.d/keepalived:行15: /etc/sysconfig/keepalived: 没有那个文件或目录</p>
<p>
则需要执行：</p>
<p>
ln -s /usr/local/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig/</p>
<p>
执行成功后，重启keepalived服务，即可查看状态。</p>
<p>
如果keepalived启动不成功，错误信息如下：</p>
<p>
keepalived_vrrp exited with permanent error config. terminating</p>
<p>
说明keepalived 核心配置文件配置有误，继续往下配置即可，此问题先不用处理。</p>
<p>
<span><strong>5、配置双机</strong></span></p>
<p>
keepalived配置文件为：/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf，</p>
<p>
现进行如下配置：</p>
<p>
使用10.122.111.80 为主节点，</p>
<p>
使用10.122.111.81为从节点 进行配置，</p>
<p>
修改主节点80的配置文件 keepalived.conf，内容修改如下所示：</p>
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<code class="xhtml plain">! configuration file for keepalived</code>
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<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">global_defs {</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">notification_email {</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># acassen@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># failover@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># sysadmin@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
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<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">notification_email_from alexandre.cassen@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># smtp_server 192.168.200.1</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># smtp_connect_timeout 30</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">router_id server_1</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">vrrp_skip_check_adv_addr</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">vrrp_garp_interval 0</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">vrrp_gna_interval 0</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">vrrp_instance vi_1 {</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">state master</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">interface p4p1</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">virtual_router_id 55</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">priority 100</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">protocol tcp</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">advert_int 1</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">authentication {</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">auth_type pass</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">auth_pass 1111</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">virtual_ipaddress {</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">10.122.111.99/24</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
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<p>
修改从节点81的配置文件 keepalived.conf，内容修改如下所示：</p>
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<code class="xhtml plain">! configuration file for keepalived</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">global_defs {</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">notification_email {</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># acassen@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># failover@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># sysadmin@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">notification_email_from alexandre.cassen@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># smtp_server 192.168.200.1</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># smtp_connect_timeout 30</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">vrrp_gna_interval 0</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">vrrp_instance vi_1 {</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">state backup</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">interface p4p1</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">authentication {</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">auth_type pass</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">auth_pass 1111</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">virtual_ipaddress {</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">10.122.111.99/24</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
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<p>
配置完成后，分别启动 keepalived，并进行状态查看，如下图：</p>
<p>
<img title="Linux下安装Keepalived及原理分析" alt="Linux下安装Keepalived及原理分析" height="158" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/f84cbcfbe7a491e9d5c78195b1a5f0a7.jpg" width="735"></p>
<p>
<span> <strong>6、配置非抢占模式</strong></span></p>
<p>
keepalived默认为抢占模式，主节点master在故障回复重新开启使用时会掠夺当前从服务器的虚拟ip，重新占据中心地位，在一个去中心化的集群中，可配置非抢占模式，即正在处于服务状态的主机虚拟ip不会被抢走知道此台服务器出现问题。</p>
<p>
只需要在原有master配置文件中修改如下配置即可（backup节点无需更改）：</p>
<p>
nopreempt</p>
<p>
state backup</p>
<p>
调整后的配置文件如下：</p>
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<code class="xhtml plain">! configuration file for keepalived</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">global_defs {</code>
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<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">notification_email {</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># acassen@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># failover@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># sysadmin@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
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<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">notification_email_from alexandre.cassen@firewall.loc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># smtp_server 192.168.200.1</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain"># smtp_connect_timeout 30</code>
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">router_id server_1</code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">vrrp_skip_check_adv_addr</code>
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">vrrp_garp_interval 0</code>
</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">vrrp_gna_interval 0</code>
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">vrrp_instance vi_1 {</code>
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">state backup # 此处由master调整为backup</code>
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">nopreempt # 此处添加非抢占模式配置</code>
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">interface p4p1</code>
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">virtual_router_id 55</code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">priority 100</code>
</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">protocol tcp</code>
</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">advert_int 1</code>
</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">authentication {</code>
</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">auth_type pass</code>
</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">auth_pass 1111</code>
</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
</div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">virtual_ipaddress {</code>
</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">10.122.111.99/24</code>
</div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
</div>
<div class="line number31 index30 alt2">
<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">}</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
<span> <strong>7、查看虚拟ip指向</strong></span></p>
<p>
判断当前服务器是否拥有虚拟ip，执行如下命令，如果有结果则说明当前服务器正处于服务状态，如果查询为空，则说明当前服务器不用有虚拟ip，处于备用状态。</p>
<p>
ip addr|grep 10.122.111.99</p>
<p>
<img title="Linux下安装Keepalived及原理分析" alt="Linux下安装Keepalived及原理分析" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/509b1cfe0bd572346d40db4a02802fbf.jpg"></p>
<p>
说明当前服务器拥有虚拟ip。</p>
<p>
<span><strong>8、如何判断脑裂？</strong></span></p>
<p>
分别在两台机查看当前服务器是否拥有虚拟ip，如果两台服务器都拥有，则说明发生了脑裂，证明目前双机通信出现问题，产生此问题的原有在于 两台服务器都探测不到组内其他服务器的状态（心跳请求无法正常响应），私自判定另一台服务器挂起，则抢占虚拟ip，脑裂的出现是不被允许的，解决此问题的方法为检查防火墙设置（关闭防火墙）或者使用串口通信。</p>
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