详解Ubuntu 从零开始搭建Python开发环境
<p>环境：Ubuntu 16.04</p>
<p>
以下命令若无加粗备注说明在本地计算机操作，则都是在服务器端操作</p>
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<strong>1 修改Ubuntu软件源</strong></p>
<p>
Ubuntu安装好之后，安装软件源的服务器地址在境外，速度会比较慢，因此建议修改软件源为国内镜像，这样安装和更新软件会更快些，此处使用的是清华大学开源软件镜像</p>
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1.1 备份原有软件源列表</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">cp</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/apt/sources</code><code class="bash plain">.list </code><code class="bash plain">/etc/apt/sources</code><code class="bash plain">.list_backup</code>
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1.2 修改软件源为国内镜像</p>
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用编辑器打开/etc/apt/source.list</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">vi</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/apt/sources</code><code class="bash plain">.list</code>
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而后将文件内原有内容清空，复制以下内容</p>
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<code class="plain plain"># 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释</code>
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<code class="plain plain">deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse</code>
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<code class="plain plain">deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse</code>
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<code class="plain plain">deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse</code>
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<code class="plain plain">deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># 预发布软件源，不建议启用</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse</code>
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<strong>2 更新软件</strong></p>
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更新软件列表</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get update</code>
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更新本地软件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get upgrade</code>
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<strong>3 创建新用户</strong></p>
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刚登陆进去的时候，默认是root用户，由于root用户拥有很高的权限，也就意味着具有更大的破坏性，因此需要创建一个新用户来作为日常使用用户，需要更高权限的时候，再使用sudo命令来获取。</p>
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此处假设我们要创建的用户名为'xiaoming'</p>
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创建用户并创建用户文件夹</p>
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<code class="bash functions">useradd</code> <code class="bash plain">-m xiaoming</code>
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为用户设置密码</p>
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<code class="bash functions">passwd</code> <code class="bash plain">xiaoming</code>
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切换到新用户并进入用户文件夹</p>
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<code class="bash functions">su</code> <code class="bash plain">- xiaoming</code>
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给新用户赋予超级管理员权限</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">usermod</code> <code class="bash plain">-a -G adm xiaoming</code>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">usermod</code> <code class="bash plain">-a -G </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">xiaoming</code>
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<strong>4 安装并使用ssh远程登陆</strong></p>
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（ssh的安装和配置在我另外一篇文章 http://www.jb51.net/article/115994.htm 内已有详细说明，为方便阅读，特重新整理后粘贴如下）</p>
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安装ssh服务</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">openssh-server</code>
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开启ssh服务</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/init</code><code class="bash plain">.d</code><code class="bash plain">/ssh</code> <code class="bash plain">start</code>
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查看本机IP地址</p>
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inet字段后面的就是你的IP地址</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">ifconfig</code>
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远程登陆</p>
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在本地计算机终端内输入ssh <username>@<server IP></p>
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此处我们假设服务器上的用户名和IP地址为xiaoming和192.168.1.1，请自动替换为自己的，后面不再赘述</p>
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<code class="bash functions">ssh</code> <code class="bash plain">xiaoming@192.168.1.1</code>
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<strong>5 ssh登陆优化配置</strong></p>
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（ssh的安装和配置在我另外一篇文章http://www.jb51.net/article/115994.htm 内已有详细说明，为方便阅读，特重新整理后粘贴如下）</p>
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<strong>5.1 设置远程登陆快捷键</strong></p>
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每次登陆服务器都要输用户名和密码很麻烦，而且IP地址也不好记，因此可以修改.bashrc文件来给远程登陆设置快键键</p>
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在本地计算机使用编辑器打开.bashrc配置文件</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">vi</code> <code class="bash plain">~/.bashrc</code>
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在最后面添加以下内容</p>
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<code class="plain plain">alias server='ssh xiaoming@192.168.1.1'</code>
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关闭文件，并在命令行内输入以下命令重新加载配置文件</p>
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以后在终端内输入server就可以远程登陆服务器了</p>
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<strong>5.2 添加公钥认证</strong></p>
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每次登陆时都要输入服务器的密码很麻烦，也不是很安全，此时就可以添加公钥认证来免去输入密码的麻烦并提高安全性</p>
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<strong>5.2.1 生成密钥对</strong></p>
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在本地计算机内输入以下命令</p>
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<code class="bash functions">ssh</code><code class="bash plain">-keygen</code>
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会提示以下内容</p>
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<code class="plain plain">Generating public/private rsa key pair.</code>
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<code class="plain plain">Enter file in which to save the key (/home/python/.ssh/id_rsa):</code>
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直接enter确定就行</p>
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接下来系统会提示你设置密码以保证密钥安全，一般直接enter确定密码留空即可，如此即可在使用私钥认证的时候免去输入密码的麻烦</p>
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切换到密钥对目录</p>
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<code class="bash functions">cd</code> <code class="bash plain">~/.</code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code><code class="bash plain">/</code>
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此时就可以看到生成的私钥id_rsa和公钥id_rsa.pub,在~/.ssh目录内，记住无论如何都不要暴露自己的私钥id_rsa</p>
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<strong>5.2.2 复制公钥到远程服务器</strong></p>
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在本地计算机内输入以下命令</p>
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<code class="bash functions">ssh</code><code class="bash plain">-copy-</code><code class="bash functions">id</code> <code class="bash plain">xiaoming@192.168.1.1</code>
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<strong>5.3 Done!</strong></p>
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完成以上配置，你就可以在本地计算机内输入以下命令来ssh远程登陆你的服务器了</p>
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<span>?</span>
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<code class="bash plain">server</code>
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<p>
<strong>6 安装多版本Python</strong></p>
<p>
安装python2</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">python</code>
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查看python2版本</p>
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<code class="bash plain">python --version</code>
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<p>
安装python3</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">python3</code>
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<textarea></textarea>
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<p>
查看python3版本</p>
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<span>?</span>
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<code class="bash plain">python3 --version</code>
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<textarea></textarea>
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<p>
<strong>7 安装多版本pip</strong></p>
<p>
安装pip2</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">python-pip</code>
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<p>
安装pip3</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">python3-pip</code>
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<p>
<strong>8 安装ipython</strong></p>
<p>
安装ipython2</p>
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<code class="bash plain">pip2 </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">ipython</code>
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</div>
</div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool">
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<textarea></textarea>
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<p>
安装ipython3</p>
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<span>?</span>
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<code class="bash plain">pip3 </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">ipython</code>
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<p>
以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持。</p>
<p>
原文链接：http://www.jianshu.com/p/3bb01345f28a#</p>
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