详解Linux 主机网络接入配置
<p><strong>详解Linux 主机网络接入配置</strong></p>
<p>
<strong>前言：</strong></p>
<p>
网络配置是我们在安装好操作系统之后，需要解决的第一步。现时代没有接入网络的主机已然等同于一堆废铁。在网络配置的过程中，通常我们需要配置本机IP地址，缺省网关，DNS，主机名等等。本文主要描述在Linux环境下，主要以传统命令行方式讲解如何将主机接入网络。对于网路配置的新命令如ip，nmcli等等在以后的文章中描述。</p>
<p>
<strong>一、网络配置概述</strong></p>
<p>
主机接入互联网前提：遵循TCP/IP协议栈</p>
<p>
配置主机接入TCP/IP网络需要配置的内容：</p>
<p>
IP/Netmask<br>
路由：<br>
主机路由：一台主机<br>
网络路由：是一个网络<br>
默认路由(缺省网关)：<br>
DNS服务器：<br>
主DNS服务器<br>
备用DNS服务器<br>
主机名：computer_name.domain.com</p>
<p>
网络设备表示方法(CentOS7版本)</p>
<p>
内核识别设备：驱动</p>
<p>
网卡命名机制</p>
<p>
CentOS 7中，systemd对网络设备的命名方式<br>
(a) 如果Firmware或BIOS为主板上集成的设备提供的索引信息可用，且可预测则根据此索引进行命名，例如eno1<br>
(b) 如果Firmware或BIOS为PCI-E扩展槽所提供的索引信息可用，且可预测，则根据此索引进行命名，例如ens1<br>
(c) 如果硬件接口的物理位置信息可用，则根据此信息进行命名，例如enp2s0<br>
(d) 如果用户显式启动，也可根据MAC地址进行命名，enx2387a1dc56;<br>
(e) 上述均不可用时，则使用传统命名机制，基于BIOS支持biosdevname中<br>
(f) 本地回环 lo<br>
内置网卡：em1,em2<br>
pci卡：pYpX Y：slot ,X:port</p>
<p>
名称组成格式</p>
<p>
en: Ethernet 有线局域网<br>
wl: wlan 无线局域网<br>
ww: wwan无线广域网</p>
<p>
名称类型：</p>
<p>
o: 集成设备的设备索引号<br>
s: 扩展槽的索引号<br>
x: 基于MAC地址的命名<br>
ps: enp2s1</p>
<p>
<strong>二、IP地址配置</strong></p>
<p>
动态配置(IP/Netmask)：</p>
<p>
DHCP服务器(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)</p>
<p>
静态指定：</p>
<p>
用户空间工具(ifconfig，ip命令)，立即生效，但不会长久有效(地址配置在内核，显示在用户空间)<br>
网络设备服务配置文件，完成长久有效配置：<br>
/etc/sysconfig/network-script/ifcfg-eth0<br>
GUI/TUI配置工具</p>
<p>
网路配置命令</p>
<p>
ifconfig(传统配置命令)<br>
ifconfig：显示所有活动状态的相关信息<br>
ifconfig Interface：仅显示指定接口的相关信息<br>
ifconfig Interface Address<br>
ip/mask<br>
长格式：<br>
ifconfig Interface IP netmask MASK<br>
CIDR：无类别的预见路由<br>
ifconfig Interface IP/MASK</p>
<p>
<strong>ifconfig示例</strong></p>
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<code class="bash comments"># more /etc/redhat-release ###当前环境</code>
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<code class="bash plain">CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core) </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># ifconfig |grep eno -A1 ###当前服务器有2块网卡，分别为eno16777728,eno33554960</code>
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<code class="bash plain">eno16777728: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500</code>
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<code class="bash plain">inet 172.24.8.131 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 172.24.8.255</code>
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<code class="bash plain">--</code>
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<code class="bash plain">eno33554960: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500</code>
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<code class="bash plain">inet 192.168.81.144 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.81.255</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># ifconfig eno33554960 192.168.81.145/24</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># ifconfig eno33554960|head -2</code>
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<code class="bash plain">eno33554960: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500</code>
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<code class="bash plain">inet 192.168.81.145 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.81.255 </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># ifconfig eno33554960 down ###禁用当前网卡</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># ifconfig eno33554960 up ###激活当前网卡</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># ifconfig eno33554960|head -2 ###再次查看网卡，由于使用了DHCP，IP地址被分配为原地址</code>
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<code class="bash plain">eno33554960: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500</code>
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<code class="bash plain">inet 192.168.81.144 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.81.255</code>
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<code class="bash plain">网卡手工配置示例</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777728 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">TYPE=</code><code class="bash string">"Ethernet"</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">指定网络类型为以太网模式</code>
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<code class="bash plain">BOOTPROTO=</code><code class="bash string">"dhcp"</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">指定启动地址协议的获取方式(dhcp或bootp为自动获取,none</code>
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<code class="bash plain">DEFROUTE=</code><code class="bash string">"yes"</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">是否把这个eno16777728设置为默认路由 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">PEERDNS=</code><code class="bash string">"yes"</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">是否允许DHCP服务分配地址时直接更新</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/resolv</code><code class="bash plain">.conf中的DNS服务器地址</code>
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<code class="bash plain">PEERROUTES=</code><code class="bash string">"yes"</code>
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<code class="bash plain">IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=</code><code class="bash string">"no"</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">如果IPv4配置失败,设备是否被禁用</code>
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<code class="bash plain">IPV6INIT=</code><code class="bash string">"yes"</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">允许在该网卡上启动IPV6的功能 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">IPV6_AUTOCONF=</code><code class="bash string">"yes"</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">是否使用IPV6地址的自动配置</code>
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<code class="bash plain">IPV6_DEFROUTE=</code><code class="bash string">"yes"</code> <code class="bash comments">### Author : Leshami </code>
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<code class="bash plain">IPV6_PEERDNS=</code><code class="bash string">"yes"</code> <code class="bash comments">### Blog : http://blog.csdn.net/leshami </code>
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<code class="bash plain">IPV6_PEERROUTES=</code><code class="bash string">"yes"</code> <code class="bash comments">### QQ/Weixin : 645746311</code>
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<code class="bash plain">IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=</code><code class="bash string">"no"</code>
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<code class="bash plain">NAME=</code><code class="bash string">"eno16777728"</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">网络连接标识名 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">UUID=</code><code class="bash string">"52ff246a-d965-4056-b34f-16e8f4df2c0a"</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">网卡全球通用唯一识别码</code>
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<code class="bash plain">DEVICE=</code><code class="bash string">"eno16777728"</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">网络连接标识名</code>
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<code class="bash plain">ONBOOT=</code><code class="bash string">"yes"</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">网卡开机后自动启动</code>
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<code class="bash plain">USERCTL=no </code><code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">是否允许普通用户操作网卡</code>
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<code class="bash plain">PEERDNS={</code><code class="bash functions">yes</code><code class="bash plain">|no} </code><code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">是否允许DHCP服务分配地址时直接更新</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/resolv</code><code class="bash plain">.conf中的DNS服务器地址</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># systemctl restart network.service //重启网络服务,使配置生效</code>
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<strong>三、路由配置</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain">route(传统配置命令)</code>
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<code class="bash plain">route：</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">route：显示路由信息(网关指的就是下一跳的地址，下一跳地址必须与本地主机位于同一网络)</code>
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<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">-n：使用数字格式显示，不反解地址到主机名</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">route add </code><code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">添加路由</code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">-host HOST_IP gw Next </code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">-net Net_ADDR</code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">-net 0.0.0.0 目标地址为任意地址，即默认路由</code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">route del </code><code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">删除路由</code>
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">-host HOST_IP gw 下一跳</code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">-net Net_ADDR gw 下一跳</code>
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">示例：</code>
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="bash comments"># route </code>
</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
<code class="bash comments"># route</code>
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Kernel IP routing table</code>
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface</code>
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">default 192.168.81.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eno33554960</code>
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">172.24.8.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 eno16777728</code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">192.168.81.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 eno33554960</code>
</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">示例中对于目表为192.168.81.0以及172.24.8.0网络段的访问，Gateway为4个0表示没有网络，也就是说属于直连网络，无需路由</code>
</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">对于目标为default的(当使用route -n时，default为4个0)网络段时，通过缺省网关192.168.81.2连接目标指向单个</code>
</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">主机的为主机路由，目标网络地址的为网络路由，目标指向所有地址(0.0.0.0或者default)的为默认路由。 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">route输出具体描述</code>
</div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">route命令输出的路由表字段含义如下：</code>
</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Destination 目标</code>
</div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">The destination network or destination host. 目标网络或目标主机。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number31 index30 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Gateway 网关</code>
</div>
<div class="line number32 index31 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">The gateway address or </code><code class="bash string">'*'</code> <code class="bash keyword">if</code> <code class="bash plain">none </code><code class="bash functions">set</code><code class="bash plain">. 网关地址，如果没有就显示星号。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number33 index32 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Genmask 网络掩码</code>
</div>
<div class="line number34 index33 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">The netmask </code><code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">the destination net; </code><code class="bash string">'255.255.255.255'</code> <code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">a</code>
</div>
<div class="line number35 index34 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">host destination and </code><code class="bash string">'0.0.0.0'</code> <code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">the default route.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number36 index35 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Flags：总共有多个旗标，代表的意义如下： </code>
</div>
<div class="line number37 index36 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">U (route is up)：该路由是启动的； </code>
</div>
<div class="line number38 index37 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">H (target is a host)：目标是一部主机 (IP) 而非网域； </code>
</div>
<div class="line number39 index38 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">G (use gateway)：需要透过外部的主机 (gateway) 来转递封包； </code>
</div>
<div class="line number40 index39 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">R (reinstate route </code><code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">dynamic routing)：使用动态路由时，恢复路由资讯的旗标； </code>
</div>
<div class="line number41 index40 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">D (dynamically installed by daemon or redirect)：已经由服务或转 port 功能设定为动态路由 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number42 index41 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">M (modified from routing daemon or redirect)：路由已经被修改了； </code>
</div>
<div class="line number43 index42 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">! (reject route)：这个路由将不会被接受(用来抵挡不安全的网域！)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number44 index43 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">A (installed by addrconf)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number45 index44 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">C (cache entry)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number46 index45 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Metric 距离、跳数。暂无用。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number47 index46 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">The </code><code class="bash string">'distance'</code> <code class="bash plain">to the target (usually counted </code><code class="bash keyword">in</code> <code class="bash plain">hops). It is</code>
</div>
<div class="line number48 index47 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">not used by recent kernels, but may be needed by routing dae-</code>
</div>
<div class="line number49 index48 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">mons.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number50 index49 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Ref 不用管，恒为0。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number51 index50 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Number of references to this route. (Not used </code><code class="bash keyword">in</code> <code class="bash plain">the Linux ker-nel.)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number52 index51 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Use 该路由被使用的次数，可以粗略估计通向指定网络地址的网络流量。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number53 index52 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Count of lookups </code><code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">the route. Depending on the use of -F and</code>
</div>
<div class="line number54 index53 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Iface 从哪一个网络接口路由出去，如本例中的eno33554960</code>
</div>
<div class="line number55 index54 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Interface to </code><code class="bash functions">which</code> <code class="bash plain">packets </code><code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">this route will be sent.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number56 index55 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number57 index56 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">添加网络路由</code>
</div>
<div class="line number58 index57 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">当前本机IP地址为172.24.8.131</code>
</div>
<div class="line number59 index58 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">假定要到达目标地址为:192.168.10.0</code><code class="bash plain">/24</code><code class="bash plain">，下一跳为 172.24.8.2 则添加路由命令如下</code>
</div>
<div class="line number60 index59 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route add -net 192.168.10.0/24 gw 172.24.8.2 ###此时为网络网关(路由)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number61 index60 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number62 index61 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route -n</code>
</div>
<div class="line number63 index62 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Kernel IP routing table</code>
</div>
<div class="line number64 index63 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface</code>
</div>
<div class="line number65 index64 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">0.0.0.0 192.168.81.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eno33554960</code>
</div>
<div class="line number66 index65 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">172.24.8.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 eno16777728</code>
</div>
<div class="line number67 index66 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">192.168.10.0 172.24.8.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eno16777728 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number68 index67 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">192.168.81.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 eno33554960</code>
</div>
<div class="line number69 index68 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number70 index69 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">可以看到上述多出了一条路由记录，目标网络为192.168.10.0</code>
</div>
<div class="line number71 index70 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">新添加的路由接口设备自动使用了eno16777728网卡，因为172.24.8.2与eno16777728 IP为同一网段内</code>
</div>
<div class="line number72 index71 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number73 index72 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">添加主机路由</code>
</div>
<div class="line number74 index73 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">假定要到达目标地址为：192.168.20.1，下一跳为: 172.16.100.177 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number75 index74 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route add -host 192.168.20.1 gw 172.16.100.177</code>
</div>
<div class="line number76 index75 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">SIOCADDRT: Network is unreachable </code><code class="bash comments">#提示网络不可达，因为172.16.100.177不在当前两块网卡的任一网段内</code>
</div>
<div class="line number77 index76 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number78 index77 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">下面修改下一跳地址为172.24.8.254再次尝试添加</code>
</div>
<div class="line number79 index78 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route add -host 192.168.20.1 gw 172.24.8.254 ###此处无需指定隐码</code>
</div>
<div class="line number80 index79 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route -n ###在下面的列表中Flags有一个H，表示此条为主机路由</code>
</div>
<div class="line number81 index80 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Kernel IP routing table</code>
</div>
<div class="line number82 index81 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface</code>
</div>
<div class="line number83 index82 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">0.0.0.0 192.168.81.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eno33554960</code>
</div>
<div class="line number84 index83 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">172.24.8.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 eno16777728</code>
</div>
<div class="line number85 index84 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">192.168.10.0 172.24.8.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eno16777728</code>
</div>
<div class="line number86 index85 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">192.168.20.1 172.24.8.254 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eno16777728</code>
</div>
<div class="line number87 index86 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">192.168.81.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 eno33554960</code>
</div>
<div class="line number88 index87 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number89 index88 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">路由表描述</code>
</div>
<div class="line number90 index89 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">对于请求到192.168.10.0的网路，路由地址为172.24.8.2，经由网卡eno16777728</code>
</div>
<div class="line number91 index90 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">对于请求到192.168.20.1的主机，路由地址为172.24.8.254，经由网卡eno16777728</code>
</div>
<div class="line number92 index91 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">对于请求172.24.8.0以及192.168.81.0的网络，为直连网络，无需路由</code>
</div>
<div class="line number93 index92 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">对于请求到0.0.0.0的网络经由192.168.81.2从网卡eno33554960进行路由，如访问百度则由此路由</code>
</div>
<div class="line number94 index93 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number95 index94 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># ping www.baidu.com -c 2</code>
</div>
<div class="line number96 index95 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">PING www.baidu.com (14.215.177.38) 56(84) bytes of data.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number97 index96 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">64 bytes from 14.215.177.38: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 </code><code class="bash functions">time</code><code class="bash plain">=5.76 ms</code>
</div>
<div class="line number98 index97 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">64 bytes from 14.215.177.38: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 </code><code class="bash functions">time</code><code class="bash plain">=6.13 ms</code>
</div>
<div class="line number99 index98 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number100 index99 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">删除路由</code>
</div>
<div class="line number101 index100 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">假定需要删除默认路由</code>
</div>
<div class="line number102 index101 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route del -net 0.0.0.0 netmask 0.0.0.0 ###等价于 route del default</code>
</div>
<div class="line number103 index102 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route |grep -i default</code>
</div>
<div class="line number104 index103 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number105 index104 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># ping www.baidu.com ###缺省路由被删除后，ping百度不可达</code>
</div>
<div class="line number106 index105 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">connect: Network is unreachable </code>
</div>
<div class="line number107 index106 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number108 index107 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">删除之前添加的网络路由和主机路由 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number109 index108 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route del -net 192.168.10.0/24</code>
</div>
<div class="line number110 index109 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route del -host 192.168.20.1</code>
</div>
<div class="line number111 index110 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route -n</code>
</div>
<div class="line number112 index111 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Kernel IP routing table</code>
</div>
<div class="line number113 index112 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface</code>
</div>
<div class="line number114 index113 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">172.24.8.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 eno16777728</code>
</div>
<div class="line number115 index114 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">192.168.81.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 eno33554960</code>
</div>
<div class="line number116 index115 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number117 index116 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">添加缺省网关</code>
</div>
<div class="line number118 index117 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route add default gw 192.168.81.2</code>
</div>
<div class="line number119 index118 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># route add -net 0.0.0.0 gw 192.168.81.2 ###与上一条命令等价</code>
</div>
<div class="line number120 index119 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number121 index120 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">路由静态配置文件</code>
</div>
<div class="line number122 index121 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">/etc/sysconfig/network</code>
</div>
<div class="line number123 index122 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-ethX</code> <code class="bash plain">| route-pppX</code>
</div>
<div class="line number124 index123 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number125 index124 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">配置文件的格式1：每行一个要配置的路径条目</code>
</div>
<div class="line number126 index125 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">目标 via 下一跳 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number127 index126 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">例子：</code>
</div>
<div class="line number128 index127 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">192.168.0.0</code><code class="bash plain">/24</code> <code class="bash plain">via 172.16.100.177</code>
</div>
<div class="line number129 index128 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number130 index129 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">配置文件的格式2：每一组一个路由条目</code>
</div>
<div class="line number131 index130 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ADDRESS</code><code class="bash comments">#=目标</code>
</div>
<div class="line number132 index131 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">NETMASK</code><code class="bash comments">#=掩码</code>
</div>
<div class="line number133 index132 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">GATEWAY</code><code class="bash comments">#=下一跳</code>
</div>
<div class="line number134 index133 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number135 index134 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ADDRESS0=192.168.0.0</code>
</div>
<div class="line number136 index135 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">NETMASK0=255.255.255.0</code>
</div>
<div class="line number137 index136 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">GATEWAY0=172.16.100.1</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool">
<div class="code_n">
<textarea></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
<strong>四、DNS配置</strong></p>
<div class="jb51code">
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<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">DNS服务器指向：</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">配置文件：</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/resolv</code><code class="bash plain">.conf</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">最多三个：</code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">nameserver DNS_SERVER_IP</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">nameserver 8.8.8.8</code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">测试DNS解析</code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash functions">dig</code> <code class="bash plain">-t A 域名 </code><code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">正解测试</code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash functions">dig</code> <code class="bash plain">-x IP </code><code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">反解测试</code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">查看当前主机DNS解析配置</code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># more /etc/resolv.conf </code>
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># Generated by NetworkManager</code>
</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">search localdomain example.com</code>
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">nameserver 192.168.81.2</code>
</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">nameserver 172.24.8.1</code>
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># dig -t A www.oracle.com</code>
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-29.el7 <<>> -t A www.oracle.com</code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; global options: +cmd</code>
</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; Got answer:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, </code><code class="bash functions">id</code><code class="bash plain">: 11680</code>
</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 3, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0</code>
</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; QUESTION SECTION:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;www.oracle.com. IN A</code>
</div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; ANSWER SECTION:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">www.oracle.com. 5 IN CNAME ds-www.oracle.com.edgekey.net.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number31 index30 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ds-www.oracle.com.edgekey.net. 5 IN CNAME e11582.dscx.akamaiedge.net.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number32 index31 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">e11582.dscx.akamaiedge.net. 5 IN A 184.28.37.127</code>
</div>
<div class="line number33 index32 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number34 index33 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; Query </code><code class="bash functions">time</code><code class="bash plain">: 12 msec</code>
</div>
<div class="line number35 index34 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; SERVER: 192.168.81.2</code><code class="bash comments">#53(192.168.81.2) //通过本地IP 192.168.81.2递交外部DNS服务器解析</code>
</div>
<div class="line number36 index35 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; WHEN: Mon Sep 04 21:14:31 CST 2017</code>
</div>
<div class="line number37 index36 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 128</code>
</div>
<div class="line number38 index37 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number39 index38 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># dig -x 184.28.37.127</code>
</div>
<div class="line number40 index39 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number41 index40 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-29.el7 <<>> -x 184.28.37.127</code>
</div>
<div class="line number42 index41 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; global options: +cmd</code>
</div>
<div class="line number43 index42 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; Got answer:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number44 index43 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, </code><code class="bash functions">id</code><code class="bash plain">: 20357</code>
</div>
<div class="line number45 index44 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 8, ADDITIONAL: 9</code>
</div>
<div class="line number46 index45 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number47 index46 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number48 index47 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; MBZ: 0005 , udp: 512</code>
</div>
<div class="line number49 index48 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; QUESTION SECTION:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number50 index49 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;127.37.28.184.</code><code class="bash keyword">in</code><code class="bash plain">-addr.arpa. IN PTR</code>
</div>
<div class="line number51 index50 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number52 index51 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; ANSWER SECTION:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number53 index52 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">127.37.28.184.</code><code class="bash keyword">in</code><code class="bash plain">-addr.arpa. 5 IN PTR a184-28-37-127.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number54 index53 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number55 index54 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; AUTHORITY SECTION:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number56 index55 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">28.184.</code><code class="bash keyword">in</code><code class="bash plain">-addr.arpa. 5 IN NS ns5.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number57 index56 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">28.184.</code><code class="bash keyword">in</code><code class="bash plain">-addr.arpa. 5 IN NS ns1.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number58 index57 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">28.184.</code><code class="bash keyword">in</code><code class="bash plain">-addr.arpa. 5 IN NS ns7.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number59 index58 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">28.184.</code><code class="bash keyword">in</code><code class="bash plain">-addr.arpa. 5 IN NS ns3.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number60 index59 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">28.184.</code><code class="bash keyword">in</code><code class="bash plain">-addr.arpa. 5 IN NS ns4.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number61 index60 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">28.184.</code><code class="bash keyword">in</code><code class="bash plain">-addr.arpa. 5 IN NS ns8.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number62 index61 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">28.184.</code><code class="bash keyword">in</code><code class="bash plain">-addr.arpa. 5 IN NS ns2.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number63 index62 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">28.184.</code><code class="bash keyword">in</code><code class="bash plain">-addr.arpa. 5 IN NS ns6.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com.</code>
</div>
<div class="line number64 index63 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number65 index64 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number66 index65 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ns1.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com. 5 IN A 96.7.50.32</code>
</div>
<div class="line number67 index66 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ns2.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com. 5 IN A 2.16.40.32</code>
</div>
<div class="line number68 index67 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ns3.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com. 5 IN A 23.74.25.32</code>
</div>
<div class="line number69 index68 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ns4.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com. 5 IN A 95.100.168.32</code>
</div>
<div class="line number70 index69 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ns5.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com. 5 IN A 95.100.173.32</code>
</div>
<div class="line number71 index70 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ns6.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com. 5 IN A 23.61.199.32</code>
</div>
<div class="line number72 index71 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ns7.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com. 5 IN A 184.26.161.32</code>
</div>
<div class="line number73 index72 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ns8.reverse.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com. 5 IN A 2.22.230.32</code>
</div>
<div class="line number74 index73 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number75 index74 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; Query </code><code class="bash functions">time</code><code class="bash plain">: 205 msec</code>
</div>
<div class="line number76 index75 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; SERVER: 192.168.81.2</code><code class="bash comments">#53(192.168.81.2)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number77 index76 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; WHEN: Mon Sep 04 21:17:05 CST 2017</code>
</div>
<div class="line number78 index77 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 407</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool">
<div class="code_n">
<textarea></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
<strong>网络服务启动脚本</strong></p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_196732">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
2</div>
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3</div>
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4</div>
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5</div>
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6</div>
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7</div>
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8</div>
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9</div>
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10</div>
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11</div>
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12</div>
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13</div>
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14</div>
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15</div>
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16</div>
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17</div>
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18</div>
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19</div>
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20</div>
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21</div>
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22</div>
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23</div>
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24</div>
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25</div>
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26</div>
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27</div>
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37</div>
</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">CentOS 5</code><code class="bash plain">/6</code><code class="bash plain">：</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">服务脚本：</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/init</code><code class="bash plain">.d</code><code class="bash plain">/network</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">CentOS 6</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">服务脚本：</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/init</code><code class="bash plain">.d</code><code class="bash plain">/NetworkManager</code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">服务脚本：SysV style LSB</code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">控制运行在后台守护进程，接受参数{start|stop|restart|status}</code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">脚本位置：</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/rc</code><code class="bash plain">.d</code><code class="bash plain">/init</code><code class="bash plain">.d或</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/init</code><code class="bash plain">.d</code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">配置某服务开机自动启动：chkconfig Src_Script_Name on</code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">禁止开机自动启动：chkconfig Src_Script_Name off</code>
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">查看 chkconfig --list</code>
</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">调用机制：</code>
</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">1.</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/init</code><code class="bash plain">.d</code><code class="bash plain">/Script_Name</code> <code class="bash plain">{start|stop|restart|status}</code>
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">1.service Script_Name {start|stop|restart|status}</code>
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">CentOS 7</code>
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">服务脚本：</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/init</code><code class="bash plain">.d</code><code class="bash plain">/network</code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl start network.service</code>
</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">如何实现在单网卡上配置多个地址(通常用于VIP)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">通过网络接口别名来实现</code>
</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">eth0X</code>
</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">eth0：X eth0:0 eth0:1....</code>
</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">配置1：</code>
</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash functions">ifconfig</code> <code class="bash plain">ethX:Y IP</code><code class="bash plain">/mask</code>
</div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">配置2：</code>
</div>
<div class="line number31 index30 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">ifcfg-ethX:Y</code>
</div>
<div class="line number32 index31 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">DEVICE=ethX:Y</code>
</div>
<div class="line number33 index32 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">BOOTPROTO={none|static}</code>
</div>
<div class="line number34 index33 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">IPADDR=</code>
</div>
<div class="line number35 index34 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">NETMASK=</code>
</div>
<div class="line number36 index35 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">GATEWAY=</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">非主地址(别名地址)不支持DHCP协议获取</code>
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<strong>五、主机名配置</strong></p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">短主机名，如mycomputer1</code>
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<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">长主机名(FQDN)，如mycomputer.example.com</code>
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<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">CentOS 5</code><code class="bash plain">/6</code><code class="bash plain">配置主机名</code>
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<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">查看主机名： </code>
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<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostname </code>
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<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># more /etc/sysconfig/network</code>
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<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># more /proc/sys/kernel/hostname</code>
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<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
</div>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">临时修改主机名：</code>
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<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostname new_host_name </code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostname new_host_name.domain.com</code>
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</div>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">永久修改主机名(需要重启)：</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># vi /etc/sysconfig/network </code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">修改以及立即生效</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># echo new_host_name >/proc/sys/kernel/hostname </code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># sysctl kernel.hostname=new_host_name </code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">示例</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># more /etc/redhat-release </code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">CentOS release 6.7 (Final)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostname</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">node133</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostname host133</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostname</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">host133</code>
</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">
</div>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># echo host133.example.com >/proc/sys/kernel/hostname</code>
</div>
<div class="line number31 index30 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># hostname</code>
</div>
<div class="line number32 index31 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">host133.example.com</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># sysctl kernel.hostname=host133.example.com</code>
</div>
<div class="line number34 index33 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">kernel.</code><code class="bash functions">hostname</code> <code class="bash plain">= host133.example.com</code>
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<div class="line number35 index34 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># hostname</code>
</div>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">host133.example.com</code>
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</div>
<div class="line number38 index37 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">CentOS 7 配置主机名 </code>
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<div class="line number39 index38 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">在RHEL7中,引入了静态(static)、瞬态(transient)和灵活(pretty)三种主机名。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number40 index39 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">“静态”主机名——也称为内核主机名,是系统在启动时从</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/hostname</code><code class="bash plain">自动初始化的主机名。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number41 index40 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number42 index41 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">“瞬态”主机名——是在系统运行时临时分配的主机名,例如,通过DHCP或DNS服务器分配。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number43 index42 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">静态主机名和瞬态主机名都遵从作为互联网域名同样的字符限制规则。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number44 index43 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number45 index44 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">“灵活”主机名——是允许使用自由形式(可包括特殊/空白字符)的主机名,以展示给终端用户(如Tom‘s Computer)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number46 index45 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number47 index46 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">查看主机名的命令一般格式如下:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number48 index47 alt1">
</div>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">hostnamectl [--static|--transient|--pretty] </code>
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<div class="line number50 index49 alt1">
</div>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">选项说明如下：</code>
</div>
<div class="line number52 index51 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">status——可同时查看静态、瞬态和灵活三种主机名及其相关的设置信息。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number53 index52 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">--static——仅查看静态(永久)主机名。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number54 index53 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">--transient——仅查看瞬态(临时)主机名。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number55 index54 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">--pretty ——仅查看灵活主机名。</code>
</div>
<div class="line number56 index55 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number57 index56 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># hostnamectl status</code>
</div>
<div class="line number58 index57 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Static </code><code class="bash functions">hostname</code><code class="bash plain">: centos7.example.com</code>
</div>
<div class="line number59 index58 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Icon name: computer-vm</code>
</div>
<div class="line number60 index59 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Chassis: vm</code>
</div>
<div class="line number61 index60 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Machine ID: 8ef737feff1942798ec060bf5a162df6</code>
</div>
<div class="line number62 index61 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Boot ID: e2c8eded07f04e879d2b160d9a6bc6cf</code>
</div>
<div class="line number63 index62 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Virtualization: vmware</code>
</div>
<div class="line number64 index63 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number65 index64 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">CPE OS Name: cpe:</code><code class="bash plain">/o</code><code class="bash plain">:centos:centos:7</code>
</div>
<div class="line number66 index65 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64</code>
</div>
<div class="line number67 index66 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Architecture: x86-64</code>
</div>
<div class="line number68 index67 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number69 index68 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">修改主机名的命令一般格式如下</code>
</div>
<div class="line number70 index69 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostnamectl [--static|--transient|--pretty] set-hostname <new_hostname></code>
</div>
<div class="line number71 index70 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number72 index71 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># hostnamectl --transient</code>
</div>
<div class="line number73 index72 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">centos7.example.com</code>
</div>
<div class="line number74 index73 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number75 index74 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostnamectl --transient set-hostname centos7-a //修改瞬态主机名</code>
</div>
<div class="line number76 index75 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostnamectl //查看修改后的瞬态主机名</code>
</div>
<div class="line number77 index76 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Static </code><code class="bash functions">hostname</code><code class="bash plain">: centos7.example.com</code>
</div>
<div class="line number78 index77 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Transient </code><code class="bash functions">hostname</code><code class="bash plain">: centos7-a</code>
</div>
<div class="line number79 index78 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number80 index79 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostnamectl --static //查看修改前的静态主机名</code>
</div>
<div class="line number81 index80 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">centos7.example.com </code>
</div>
<div class="line number82 index81 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostnamectl --static set-hostname centos7-a.example.com //修改静态主机名</code>
</div>
<div class="line number83 index82 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments"># hostnamectl --static //查看修改后的瞬态主机名</code>
</div>
<div class="line number84 index83 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">centos7-a.example.com</code>
</div>
<div class="line number85 index84 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number86 index85 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">Hostnamectl设置主机名后，会立即刷新内核主机名，以及更新</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/hostname</code><code class="bash plain">文件，</code>
</div>
<div class="line number87 index86 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">但当前Bash提示符需重新登陆shell</code>
</div>
<div class="line number88 index87 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number89 index88 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># bash //重新开启shell</code>
</div>
<div class="line number90 index89 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments">#</code>
</div>
<div class="line number91 index90 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number92 index91 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">/etc/hosts</code><code class="bash plain">文件中主机名不会自动更新，应手动更新主机名与IP地址的映射关系</code>
</div>
<div class="line number93 index92 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number94 index93 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">vim </code><code class="bash plain">/etc/hosts</code>
</div>
<div class="line number95 index94 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4</code>
</div>
<div class="line number96 index95 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6</code>
</div>
<div class="line number97 index96 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">192.168.81.142 centos7-a.example.com centos7-a </code><code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">添加此行,其中192.168.81.142是本机IP地址</code>
</div>
<div class="line number98 index97 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">:wq </code><code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">保存退出 </code>
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如有疑问请留言或者到本站社区交流讨论，感谢阅读，希望能帮助到大家，谢谢大家对本站的支持！</p>
<p>
原文链接：http://blog.csdn.net/leshami/article/details/77933663</p>
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