详解Ubuntu下安装和配置Apache2

不做黑子不做小丑 發表於 2023-7-14 00:00:00

<p>
在Ubuntu中安装apache</p>
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安装指令：</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">apache2</code>
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安装结束后：</p>
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产生的启动和停止文件是：/etc/init.d/apache2</p>
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启动：</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apache2ctl -k start</code>
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停止：</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apache2ctl -k stop</code>
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重新启动：</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apache2ctl -k restart</code>
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配置文件保存在：/etc/apache2</p>
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需要说明的是，普通的apache发行版本配置文件是：httpd.conf</p>
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Ubuntu发行版本的主配置文件是：apache2.conf</p>
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在apache2.conf引用到了以下文件：</p>
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<code class="plain plain"># 包含动态模块的配置:</code>
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<code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/*.load</code>
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<code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/*.conf</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># 包含用户自己的配置:</code>
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<code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/httpd.conf</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># 包含端口监听的配置:</code>
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<code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/ports.conf</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># 包含一般性的配置语句片断:</code>
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<code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/conf.d/</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># 包含虚拟主机的配置指令:</code>
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<code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/</code>
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修改httpd.conf</p>
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增加以下内容：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">ServerName 127.0.0.1:80</code>
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<strong>ubuntu apache2配置 </strong></p>
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1.apache2.conf 是主配置文件，httpd.conf 用户配置文件</p>
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2.虚拟目录在 httpd.conf 中</p>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code> <code class="xml plain">*></code>
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<code class="xml spaces"> </code><code class="xml plain">DocumentRoot "路径"</code>
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<code class="xml plain">ServerName 名称</code>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">Directory</code> <code class="xml plain">"路径"> allow from all Options +Indexes </</code><code class="xml keyword">Directory</code><code class="xml plain">></code>
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<code class="xml spaces"> </code><code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code><code class="xml plain">></code>
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3.根设置（默认主目录）在 /etc/apache2/sites-available/default</p>
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4.重启命令</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/init</code><code class="bash plain">.d</code><code class="bash plain">/apache2</code> <code class="bash plain">restart或者</code>
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<code class="bash functions">cd</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/init</code><code class="bash plain">.d</code>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apache2 -k restart</code>
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stop 停止；start 启动5.日志文件在 /var/log/apache2/</p>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code> <code class="xml plain">*:80></code>
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<code class="xml plain">ServerName www.kimoqi.com</code>
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<code class="xml plain">DocumentRoot /home/vsftpd/kimoqi</code>
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<code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code><code class="xml plain">></code>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code> <code class="xml plain">*:80></code>
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<code class="xml plain">ServerName www.arwenedu.com</code>
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<code class="xml plain">DocumentRoot /home/vsftpd/wangguan/webapps</code>
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<code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code><code class="xml plain">></code>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code> <code class="xml plain">*:80></code>
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<code class="xml plain">ServerName www.arwenedu.org.cn</code>
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<code class="xml plain">DocumentRoot /home/vsftpd/wangguan/chem</code>
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<code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code><code class="xml plain">></code>
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<code class="bash functions">vi</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/httpd/conf/httpd</code><code class="bash plain">.conf</code>
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<p>
在Windows下，Apache的配置文件通常只有一个，就是httpd.conf。但我在Ubuntu Linux上用apt-get install apache2命令安装了Apache2后，竟然发现它的httpd.conf（位于/etc/apache2目录）是空的！进而发现Ubuntu的 Apache软件包的配置文件并不像Windows的那样简单，它把各个设置项分在了不同的配置文件中，看起来复杂，但仔细想想设计得确实很合理。</p>
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严格地说，Ubuntu的Apache（或者应该说Linux下的Apache？我不清楚其他发行版的apache软件包）的配置文件是 /etc/apache2/apache2.conf，Apache在启动时会自动读取这个文件的配置信息。而其他的一些配置文件，如 httpd.conf等，则是通过Include指令包含进来。在apache2.conf中可以找到这些Include行：</p>
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<strong>引用</strong></p>
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<code class="plain plain"># Include module configuration:</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/*.load</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/*.conf</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># Include all the user configurations:</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/httpd.conf</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># Include ports listing</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/ports.conf</code>
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<code class="plain plain">……</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># Include generic snippets of statements</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/conf.d/</code>
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<code class="plain plain"># Include the virtual host configurations:</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">Include /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/</code>
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结合注释，可以很清楚地看出每个配置文件的大体作用。当然，你完全可以把所有的设置放在apache2.conf或者httpd.conf或者任何一个配置文件中。Apache2的这种划分只是一种比较好的习惯。</p>
<p>
安装完Apache后的最重要的一件事就是要知道Web文档根目录在什么地方，对于Ubuntu而言，默认的是/var/www。怎么知道的呢？ apache2.conf里并没有DocumentRoot项，httpd.conf又是空的，因此肯定在其他的文件中。经过搜索，发现在 /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default中，里面有这样的内容：</p>
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引用</p>
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<code class="plain plain">NameVirtualHost *</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain"><VirtualHost *></code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost</code>
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<code class="plain plain">DocumentRoot /var/www/</code>
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<p>
这是设置虚拟主机的，对我来说没什么意义。所以我就把apache2.conf里的Include /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/一行注释掉了，并且在httpd.conf里设置DocumentRoot为我的用户目录下的某个目录，这样方便开发。</p>
<p>
再看看/etc/apache2目录下的东西。刚才在apache2.conf里发现了sites-enabled目录，而在 /etc/apache2下还有一个sites-available目录，这里面是放什么的呢？其实，这里面才是真正的配置文件，而sites- enabled目录存放的只是一些指向这里的文件的符号链接，你可以用ls /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/来证实一下。所以，如果apache上配置了多个虚拟主机，每个虚拟主机的配置文件都放在 sites-available下，那么对于虚拟主机的停用、启用就非常方便了：当在sites-enabled下建立一个指向某个虚拟主机配置文件的链接时，就启用了它；如果要关闭某个虚拟主机的话，只需删除相应的链接即可，根本不用去改配置文件。</p>
<p>
mods-available、mods-enabled和上面说的sites-available、sites-enabled类似，这两个目录是存放apache功能模块的配置文件和链接的。当我用apt-get install php5安装了PHP模块后，在这两个目录里就有了php5.load、php5.conf和指向这两个文件的链接。这种目录结果对于启用、停用某个 Apache模块是非常方便的。</p>
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最后一个要说的是ports.conf，这里面设置了Apache使用的端口。如果需要调整默认的端口设置，建议编辑这个文件。或者你嫌它实在多余，也可以先把apache2.conf中的Include /etc/apache2/ports.conf一行去掉，在httpd.conf里设置Apache端口。</p>
<p>
ubuntu里缺省安装的目录结构很有一点不同。在ubuntu中module和 virtual host的配置都有两个目录，一个是available，一个是enabled，available目录是存放有效的内容，但不起作用，只有用ln 连到enabled过去才可以起作用。对调试使用都很方便，但是如果事先不知道，找起来也有点麻烦。</p>
<p>
/etc/apache2/sites-available 里放的是VH的配置，但不起作用，要把文件link到 sites-enabled 目录里才行。</p>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code> <code class="xml plain">*> </code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">ServerName 域名 </code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">DocumentRoot 把rails项目里的public当根目录 </code>
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<code class="xml spaces">        </code><code class="xml plain">AllowOverride all </code>
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<code class="xml spaces">        </code><code class="xml plain">allow from all </code>
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<code class="xml spaces">        </code><code class="xml plain">Order allow,deny </code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">Directory</code><code class="xml plain">> </code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error-域名log </code>
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<code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code><code class="xml plain">></code>
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进一步的配置和使用，就可以查阅APACHE的手册了</p>
<p>
Apache配置文件httpd.conf说明</p>
<p>
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html" ---Apache默认服务器主目录路径</p>
<p>
DirectoryIndex index.html index.htm index.php index.html.var ---默认文档，多个文件之间用空格分开</p>
<p>
Listen 192.168.1.1:80       设置监听ip是192.168.1.1的地址和端口为80</p>
<p>
Listen 192.168.1.2:8080     设置监听ip是192.168.1.2的地址和端口为8080</p>
<p>
ServerRoot "/etc/httpd"     设置相对根目录的路径，通常是指存放配置文件和日志文件的地方。缺省是：/etc/httpd 一般包括conf和logs子目录</p>
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ErrorLog logs/error_log     设置错误日志    注意：如果日志文件存放路径不是以“/”开头，意味著该文件是相对于 ServerRoot目录</p>
<p>
CustomLog logs/access_log combined      访问日志      （combined指明日志使用的格式，还有common格式）</p>
<p>
ServerAdmin lindenstar@163.com     设置网络管理员的Email    -当客户端服务器发生错误时，服务器通常会向客户端返回错误提示页面，为了方便解决错误，这个网页中通常有管理员的Email地址，可以通过使用 ServerAdmin语句来设置管理员的EMail地址</p>
<p>
ServerName www.iigoogle.com:80       设置服务器主机名称 (如果有域名可以填入域名，没有域名则可填入服务器IP地址)</p>
<p>
AddDefaultCharset GB2312           设置默认字符集，定义服务器返回给客户机默认字符集(由于西欧UTF-8是Apache默认字符集，因此当访问有中文的网页时会出现乱码，这时只要将字符集改成GB2312，再重启Apache服务即可)</p>
<p>
Alias /down    "/software /download"     创建虚拟目录（创建名为down的虚拟目录，它对应的物理路径是：/software /download）</p>
<p>
Alias /ftp     "/var/ftp"                创建虚拟目录（创建名为ftp的虚拟目录，它对应的物理路径是：/var/ftp）</p>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">Directory</code> <code class="xml plain">"/var/www/html">    设置目录权限（<</code><code class="xml keyword">Directory</code> <code class="xml plain">"目录路径">此次写设置目录权限的语句</</code><code class="xml keyword">Directory</code><code class="xml plain">>）</code>
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<code class="xml spaces">   </code><code class="xml plain">Options FollowSymLinks    page:116</code>
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基于域名的虚拟主机</p>
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<code class="bash plain">NameVirtualHost 220.123.55.99    ---先用NameVirtualHost指令指定哪个IP地址负责响应对虚拟主机的请求</code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">ServerName www.iigoogle.com:80</code>
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<code class="xml spaces">   </code><code class="xml plain">ServerAdmin iigoogle@163.com</code>
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<code class="xml spaces">   </code><code class="xml plain">DocumentRoot /www/docs/iigoogle</code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">DirectoryIndex index.jsp </code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">ErrorLog logs/www/iigoogle/error_log</code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">CustomLog logs/www/iigoogle/access_log common</code>
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<code class="xml spaces"> </code><code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code><code class="xml plain">></code>
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另一种写法</p>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code> <code class="xml plain">www.iigoogle.com:80></code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">ServerName www.iigoogle.com</code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">ServerAdmin iigoogle@163.com</code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">DocumentRoot /www/docs/iigoogle.com </code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">ErrorLog logs/www/iigoogle/error_log</code>
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<code class="xml spaces">    </code><code class="xml plain">CustomLog logs/www/iigoogle/access_log common</code>
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<code class="xml spaces"> </code><code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">VirtualHost</code><code class="xml plain">></code>
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<p>
以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持。</p>
<p>
原文链接：http://www.blogjava.net/duanzhimin528/archive/2010/03/05/314564.html</p>

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详解Ubuntu下安装和配置Apache2