Linux 查看空间使用情况的实例详解
<p><strong>Linux 查看空间使用情况的实例详解</strong></p><p>在日常的Linux巡检中，我们会遇到文件系统目录使用空间很高的情况，例如如下利用”df -h “查看到根目录空间使用超过80%。而我们仅仅知道是根目录空间使用过高，这样是不够的。还需要知道是目录还是文件让根目录空间使用过高。通常我们使用的命令是”du -sh *”。</p>
<p>第一步：查看Linux系统的文件系统使用情况，如下可以看到根目录”/”已经使用81%。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># df -h</code>
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<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash plain">Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on</code></div>
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<code class="bash plain">/dev/sda6</code> <code class="bash plain">67G 51G 13G 81% /</code>
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<code class="bash plain">tmpfs 16G 152K 16G 1% </code><code class="bash plain">/dev/shm</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/dev/sda3</code> <code class="bash plain">99G 188M 94G 1% </code><code class="bash plain">/arch</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/dev/sda1</code> <code class="bash plain">197G 188M 187G 1% </code><code class="bash plain">/u01</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/dev/sda2</code> <code class="bash plain">197G 50G 138G 27% </code><code class="bash plain">/u02</code>
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<p>第二步：进入根目录，利用du -sh 命令查询各个目录或者文件占用空间的情况，因为/u02是独立的文件系统，所以可以忽略。我们关注的是root这个目录，占用了空间47G。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd /</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># du -sh *</code>
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<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash plain">20K arch</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash plain">7.6M bin</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="bash plain">27M boot</code></div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="bash plain">324K dev</code></div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="bash plain">36M etc</code></div>
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<code class="bash plain">--省略</code><code class="bash plain">/proc</code><code class="bash plain">目录统计的报错</code>
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<div class="line number20 index19 alt1"><code class="bash plain">0 proc</code></div>
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<code class="bash plain">47G root </code><code class="bash comments">##根目录文件系统使用最大的目录</code>
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<div class="line number23 index22 alt2"><code class="bash plain">0 selinux</code></div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1"><code class="bash plain">4.0K srv</code></div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2"><code class="bash plain">0 sys</code></div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1"><code class="bash plain">80K tmp</code></div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2"><code class="bash plain">20K u01</code></div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1"><code class="bash plain">49G u02</code></div>
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<p>第三步：进入root目录，其实也是root用户的主目录。我们从ls命令可以猜到可能是【apache-tomcat-6.0.36-linux】这个tomcat的程序目录占用比较多。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd root</code>
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<code class="bash plain">anaconda-ks.cfg apache-tomcat-6.0.36-linux Desktop Documents Downloads </code><code class="bash functions">install</code><code class="bash plain">.log </code><code class="bash functions">install</code><code class="bash plain">.log.syslog Music Pictures Public Templates Videos</code>
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<p>第四步：通过统计发现，确实是【apache-tomcat-6.0.36-linux】这个目录占用了47G。但是到此问题还没有结束，因为既然是应用程序的目录，根据我的经验很可能是tomcat的日志文件占用空间比较多。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># du -sh *</code>
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<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash plain">4.0K anaconda-ks.cfg</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash plain">47G apache-tomcat-6.0.36-linux</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash plain">4.0K Desktop</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash plain">4.0K Documents</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="bash plain">4.0K Downloads</code></div>
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<code class="bash plain">56K </code><code class="bash functions">install</code><code class="bash plain">.log</code>
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<code class="bash plain">12K </code><code class="bash functions">install</code><code class="bash plain">.log.syslog</code>
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<div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="bash plain">4.0K Pictures</code></div>
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<p>第五步：既然看到有tomcat的目录，很可能这个tomcat运行着，利用ps命令查看是否有tomcat的进程，一般可以过滤java这个关键词。如下，果然有tomcat在运行着。那么很可能占用空间最多就是tomcat的日志文件。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ps -ef|grep java</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root 4879 4836 0 08:26 pts</code><code class="bash plain">/0</code> <code class="bash plain">00:00:00 </code><code class="bash functions">grep</code> <code class="bash plain">java</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root 11864 1 47 Aug16 ? 26-03:11:29 </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/bin/java</code> <code class="bash plain">-Djava.util.logging.config.</code><code class="bash functions">file</code><code class="bash plain">=</code><code class="bash plain">/root/apache-tomcat-6</code><code class="bash plain">.0.36-linux</code><code class="bash plain">/conf/logging</code><code class="bash plain">.properties -Xms512m -Xmx1024m -XX:PermSize=128M -XX:MaxPermSize=256m -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -Djava.endorsed.</code><code class="bash functions">dirs</code><code class="bash plain">=</code><code class="bash plain">/root/apache-tomcat-6</code><code class="bash plain">.0.36-linux</code><code class="bash plain">/endorsed</code> <code class="bash plain">-classpath </code><code class="bash plain">/root/apache-tomcat-6</code><code class="bash plain">.0.36-linux</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/bootstrap</code><code class="bash plain">.jar -Dcatalina.base=</code><code class="bash plain">/root/apache-tomcat-6</code><code class="bash plain">.0.36-linux -Dcatalina.home=</code><code class="bash plain">/root/apache-tomcat-6</code><code class="bash plain">.0.36-linux -Djava.io.tmpdir=</code><code class="bash plain">/root/apache-tomcat-6</code><code class="bash plain">.0.36-linux</code><code class="bash plain">/temp</code> <code class="bash plain">org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start</code>
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<p>第六步：进入tomcat的程序目录，查看哪个目录占用的空间最大。如下，发现是一个【fare】的目录占用了46G，而【logs】是日志目录却占用了23M。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd apache-tomcat-6.0.36-linux</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ls</code>
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<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash plain">backup bin conf fare lib LICENSE logs NOTICE RELEASE-NOTES RUNNING.txt temp webapps work</code></div>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># du -sh *</code>
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<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash plain">92K backup</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="bash plain">882M bin</code></div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="bash plain">108K conf</code></div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="bash plain">46G fare</code></div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="bash plain">6.8M lib</code></div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="bash plain">40K LICENSE</code></div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2"><code class="bash plain">23M logs</code></div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1"><code class="bash plain">4.0K NOTICE</code></div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2"><code class="bash plain">12K RELEASE-NOTES</code></div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1"><code class="bash plain">16K RUNNING.txt</code></div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2"><code class="bash plain">7.9M temp</code></div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1"><code class="bash plain">188M webapps</code></div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2"><code class="bash plain">7.1M work</code></div>
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<p>第七步：继续一探究竟【fare】目录里面到底存放的是什么类型的目录或者文件。如下看到有很多类似日志文件，如common.log和pricing.log。通过和开发人员沟通之后，确定确实日志文件。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd fare</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ls</code>
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<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash plain">common.log common.log.2017-09-21 common.log.2017-10-03 pricing.log.2017-09-10 pricing.log.2017-09-22 pricing.log.2017-10-04</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash plain">common.log.2017-09-10 common.log.2017-09-22 common.log.2017-10-04 pricing.log.2017-09-11 pricing.log.2017-09-23 pricing.log.2017-10-05</code></div>
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<div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="bash plain">common.log.2017-09-13 common.log.2017-09-25 common.log.2017-10-07 pricing.log.2017-09-14 pricing.log.2017-09-26 pricing.log.2017-10-08</code></div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="bash plain">common.log.2017-09-14 common.log.2017-09-26 common.log.2017-10-08 pricing.log.2017-09-15 pricing.log.2017-09-27 pricing.log.2017-10-09</code></div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="bash plain">common.log.2017-09-15 common.log.2017-09-27 common.log.2017-10-09 pricing.log.2017-09-16 pricing.log.2017-09-28 spring.log</code></div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="bash plain">common.log.2017-09-16 common.log.2017-09-28 common.zip pricing.log.2017-09-17 pricing.log.2017-09-29 struts2.log</code></div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2"><code class="bash plain">common.log.2017-09-17 common.log.2017-09-29 framework.log pricing.log.2017-09-18 pricing.log.2017-09-30 xwork2.log</code></div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1"><code class="bash plain">common.log.2017-09-18 common.log.2017-09-30 hibernate.log pricing.log.2017-09-19 pricing.log.2017-10-01</code></div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2"><code class="bash plain">common.log.2017-09-19 common.log.2017-10-01 hibernate.log.2017-01-03 pricing.log.2017-09-20 pricing.log.2017-10-02</code></div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1"><code class="bash plain">common.log.2017-09-20 common.log.2017-10-02 pricing.log pricing.log.2017-09-21 pricing.log.2017-10-03</code></div>
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<p>第八步：继续查看哪个目录或者文件占用的空间最大，发现都是common.log和pricing.log相关的文件占用的空间最大，都是700M以上。至此，已经查明占用根目录”/”空间最多的原因是tomcat的日志文件太多，而且每一个日志文件都很大。</p>
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<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">20</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">21</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">22</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">23</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">24</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">25</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">26</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2">27</div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1">28</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">29</div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1">30</div>
<div class="line number31 index30 alt2">31</div>
<div class="line number32 index31 alt1">32</div>
<div class="line number33 index32 alt2">33</div>
<div class="line number34 index33 alt1">34</div>
<div class="line number35 index34 alt2">35</div>
<div class="line number36 index35 alt1">36</div>
<div class="line number37 index36 alt2">37</div>
<div class="line number38 index37 alt1">38</div>
<div class="line number39 index38 alt2">39</div>
<div class="line number40 index39 alt1">40</div>
<div class="line number41 index40 alt2">41</div>
<div class="line number42 index41 alt1">42</div>
<div class="line number43 index42 alt2">43</div>
<div class="line number44 index43 alt1">44</div>
<div class="line number45 index44 alt2">45</div>
<div class="line number46 index45 alt1">46</div>
<div class="line number47 index46 alt2">47</div>
<div class="line number48 index47 alt1">48</div>
<div class="line number49 index48 alt2">49</div>
<div class="line number50 index49 alt1">50</div>
<div class="line number51 index50 alt2">51</div>
<div class="line number52 index51 alt1">52</div>
<div class="line number53 index52 alt2">53</div>
<div class="line number54 index53 alt1">54</div>
<div class="line number55 index54 alt2">55</div>
<div class="line number56 index55 alt1">56</div>
<div class="line number57 index56 alt2">57</div>
<div class="line number58 index57 alt1">58</div>
<div class="line number59 index58 alt2">59</div>
<div class="line number60 index59 alt1">60</div>
<div class="line number61 index60 alt2">61</div>
<div class="line number62 index61 alt1">62</div>
<div class="line number63 index62 alt2">63</div>
<div class="line number64 index63 alt1">64</div>
<div class="line number65 index64 alt2">65</div>
<div class="line number66 index65 alt1">66</div>
<div class="line number67 index66 alt2">67</div>
<div class="line number68 index67 alt1">68</div>
<div class="line number69 index68 alt2">69</div>
<div class="line number70 index69 alt1">70</div>
</td>
<td class="code"><div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># du -sh *|sort -h</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash plain">0 framework.log</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash plain">0 hibernate.log.2017-01-03</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash plain">0 spring.log</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash plain">0 struts2.log</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="bash plain">0 xwork2.log</code></div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="bash plain">4.0K hibernate.log</code></div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="bash plain">17M common.zip</code></div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="bash plain">215M pricing.log</code></div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="bash plain">216M common.log</code></div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2"><code class="bash plain">667M pricing.log.2017-10-08</code></div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1"><code class="bash plain">668M common.log.2017-10-08</code></div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2"><code class="bash plain">674M common.log.2017-10-05</code></div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1"><code class="bash plain">674M pricing.log.2017-10-05</code></div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2"><code class="bash plain">678M common.log.2017-10-07</code></div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1"><code class="bash plain">678M pricing.log.2017-10-07</code></div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2"><code class="bash plain">679M common.log.2017-10-06</code></div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1"><code class="bash plain">679M pricing.log.2017-10-06</code></div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2"><code class="bash plain">683M common.log.2017-10-04</code></div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1"><code class="bash plain">683M pricing.log.2017-10-04</code></div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2"><code class="bash plain">690M pricing.log.2017-09-10</code></div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1"><code class="bash plain">691M common.log.2017-09-10</code></div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2"><code class="bash plain">711M common.log.2017-09-12</code></div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1"><code class="bash plain">711M pricing.log.2017-09-12</code></div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2"><code class="bash plain">719M pricing.log.2017-09-11</code></div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1"><code class="bash plain">720M common.log.2017-09-11</code></div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2"><code class="bash plain">737M common.log.2017-09-30</code></div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1"><code class="bash plain">737M pricing.log.2017-09-28</code></div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2"><code class="bash plain">737M pricing.log.2017-09-30</code></div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1"><code class="bash plain">738M common.log.2017-09-28</code></div>
<div class="line number31 index30 alt2"><code class="bash plain">742M common.log.2017-09-29</code></div>
<div class="line number32 index31 alt1"><code class="bash plain">742M pricing.log.2017-09-29</code></div>
<div class="line number33 index32 alt2"><code class="bash plain">744M pricing.log.2017-10-09</code></div>
<div class="line number34 index33 alt1"><code class="bash plain">745M common.log.2017-10-09</code></div>
<div class="line number35 index34 alt2"><code class="bash plain">751M common.log.2017-10-01</code></div>
<div class="line number36 index35 alt1"><code class="bash plain">751M pricing.log.2017-10-01</code></div>
<div class="line number37 index36 alt2"><code class="bash plain">754M common.log.2017-09-13</code></div>
<div class="line number38 index37 alt1"><code class="bash plain">754M pricing.log.2017-09-13</code></div>
<div class="line number39 index38 alt2"><code class="bash plain">760M common.log.2017-10-03</code></div>
<div class="line number40 index39 alt1"><code class="bash plain">760M pricing.log.2017-10-03</code></div>
<div class="line number41 index40 alt2"><code class="bash plain">783M pricing.log.2017-10-02</code></div>
<div class="line number42 index41 alt1"><code class="bash plain">784M common.log.2017-10-02</code></div>
<div class="line number43 index42 alt2"><code class="bash plain">791M pricing.log.2017-09-18</code></div>
<div class="line number44 index43 alt1"><code class="bash plain">792M common.log.2017-09-18</code></div>
<div class="line number45 index44 alt2"><code class="bash plain">797M common.log.2017-09-27</code></div>
<div class="line number46 index45 alt1"><code class="bash plain">797M pricing.log.2017-09-27</code></div>
<div class="line number47 index46 alt2"><code class="bash plain">804M common.log.2017-09-17</code></div>
<div class="line number48 index47 alt1"><code class="bash plain">804M common.log.2017-09-19</code></div>
<div class="line number49 index48 alt2"><code class="bash plain">804M pricing.log.2017-09-17</code></div>
<div class="line number50 index49 alt1"><code class="bash plain">804M pricing.log.2017-09-19</code></div>
<div class="line number51 index50 alt2"><code class="bash plain">808M common.log.2017-09-26</code></div>
<div class="line number52 index51 alt1"><code class="bash plain">808M pricing.log.2017-09-26</code></div>
<div class="line number53 index52 alt2"><code class="bash plain">815M pricing.log.2017-09-24</code></div>
<div class="line number54 index53 alt1"><code class="bash plain">816M common.log.2017-09-24</code></div>
<div class="line number55 index54 alt2"><code class="bash plain">821M common.log.2017-09-14</code></div>
<div class="line number56 index55 alt1"><code class="bash plain">821M pricing.log.2017-09-14</code></div>
<div class="line number57 index56 alt2"><code class="bash plain">821M pricing.log.2017-09-23</code></div>
<div class="line number58 index57 alt1"><code class="bash plain">822M common.log.2017-09-23</code></div>
<div class="line number59 index58 alt2"><code class="bash plain">826M common.log.2017-09-25</code></div>
<div class="line number60 index59 alt1"><code class="bash plain">826M pricing.log.2017-09-25</code></div>
<div class="line number61 index60 alt2"><code class="bash plain">827M common.log.2017-09-16</code></div>
<div class="line number62 index61 alt1"><code class="bash plain">827M pricing.log.2017-09-15</code></div>
<div class="line number63 index62 alt2"><code class="bash plain">827M pricing.log.2017-09-16</code></div>
<div class="line number64 index63 alt1"><code class="bash plain">828M common.log.2017-09-15</code></div>
<div class="line number65 index64 alt2"><code class="bash plain">831M common.log.2017-09-22</code></div>
<div class="line number66 index65 alt1"><code class="bash plain">831M pricing.log.2017-09-22</code></div>
<div class="line number67 index66 alt2"><code class="bash plain">851M common.log.2017-09-21</code></div>
<div class="line number68 index67 alt1"><code class="bash plain">851M pricing.log.2017-09-21</code></div>
<div class="line number69 index68 alt2"><code class="bash plain">860M common.log.2017-09-20</code></div>
<div class="line number70 index69 alt1"><code class="bash plain">860M pricing.log.2017-09-20</code></div>
</div></td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div></div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool"><div class="code_n"><textarea></textarea></div></div>
</div>
<p> 第九步：从文件的命令规律，可以看出日志文件日期保留一个月，检查root用户是否有定时删除日志文件计划。如下命令查看所示，确实有每天凌晨03:15进行日志文件删除的计划。但是由于日志文件太多和根目录空间大小原因，导致根目录空间使用比例过高。在有部署自动监控工具，如zabbix等，会自动发送告警。</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div><div id="highlighter_576024" class="syntaxhighlighterbash">
<div class="toolbar"><span>?</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div>
</td>
<td class="code"><div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># crontab -l</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">15 3 * * * </code><code class="bash plain">/u02/shell/rm_log_pricing</code><code class="bash plain">.sh</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cat /u02/shell/rm_log_pricing.sh</code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">/root/apache-tomcat-6</code><code class="bash plain">.0.36-linux</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/fare/</code> <code class="bash plain">-name </code><code class="bash string">"common.log.2*"</code> <code class="bash plain">-mtime +30 | </code><code class="bash functions">xargs</code> <code class="bash functions">rm</code> <code class="bash plain">-f</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">/root/apache-tomcat-6</code><code class="bash plain">.0.36-linux</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/fare/</code> <code class="bash plain">-name </code><code class="bash string">"pricing.log.2*"</code> <code class="bash plain">-mtime +30 | </code><code class="bash functions">xargs</code> <code class="bash functions">rm</code> <code class="bash plain">-f</code>
</div>
</div></td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div></div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool"><div class="code_n"><textarea></textarea></div></div>
</div>
<p><strong>总结：</strong></p>
<p>从运维的角度，不建议tomcat等应用程序部署在和Linux操作系统相关的文件系统中，尤其是直接部署在根目录下。一般都建议使用独立的文件系统来部署应用程序，无论从IO性能监控，文件系统空间使用监控都是有利的。</p>
<p>如有疑问请留言或者到本站社区交流讨论，感谢阅读，希望能帮助到大家，谢谢大家对本站的支持！</p>
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