Linux下命令行cURL的10种常见用法示例
<p><span><strong>前言</strong></span></p>
<p>
在Linux中curl是一个利用URL规则在命令行下工作的文件传输工具，可以说是一款很强大的http命令行工具。它支持文件的上传和下载，是综合传输工具，但按传统，习惯称url为下载工具。</p>
<p>
语法： <code># curl </code></p>
<p>
本文主要跟大家分享了Linux命令行cURL的10种常见用法，分享出来供大家参考学习，下面来一起看看详细的介绍：</p>
<p>
<span><strong>1. 获取页面内容</strong></span></p>
<p>
当我们不加任何选项使用 curl 时，默认会发送 GET 请求来获取链接内容到标准输出。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.codebelief.com</code>
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<span><strong>2. 显示 HTTP 头</strong></span></p>
<p>
如果我们只想要显示 HTTP 头，而不显示文件内容，可以使用 -I 选项：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -I http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.codebelief.com</code>
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输出为：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">HTTP</code><code class="bash plain">/1</code><code class="bash plain">.1 200 OK </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Server: nginx</code><code class="bash plain">/1</code><code class="bash plain">.10.3 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Date: Thu, 11 May 2017 08:24:45 GMT </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Content-Type: text</code><code class="bash plain">/html</code><code class="bash plain">; charset=utf-8 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Content-Length: 24206 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Connection: keep-alive </code>
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<code class="bash plain">X-Powered-By: Express </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Cache-Control: public, max-age=0 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">ETag: W/</code><code class="bash string">"5e8e-Yw5ZdnVVly9/aEnMX7fVXQ"</code>
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<code class="bash plain">Vary: Accept-Encoding</code>
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也可以同时显示 HTTP 头和文件内容，使用 -i 选项：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -i http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.codebelief.com</code>
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输出为：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">HTTP</code><code class="bash plain">/1</code><code class="bash plain">.1 200 OK </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Server: nginx</code><code class="bash plain">/1</code><code class="bash plain">.10.3 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Date: Thu, 11 May 2017 08:25:46 GMT </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Content-Type: text</code><code class="bash plain">/html</code><code class="bash plain">; charset=utf-8 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Content-Length: 24206 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Connection: keep-alive </code>
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<code class="bash plain">X-Powered-By: Express </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Cache-Control: public, max-age=0 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">ETag: W/</code><code class="bash string">"5e8e-Yw5ZdnVVly9/aEnMX7fVXQ"</code>
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<code class="bash plain">Vary: Accept-Encoding</code>
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<code class="bash plain"><!DOCTYPE html> </code>
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<code class="bash plain"><html lang=</code><code class="bash string">"en"</code><code class="bash plain">> </code>
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<code class="bash plain">......</code>
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<code class="bash plain"><</code><code class="bash plain">/html</code><code class="bash plain">></code>
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<span><strong>3. 将链接保存到文件</strong></span></p>
<p>
我们可以使用 > 符号将输出重定向到本地文件中。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.codebelief.com > index.html</code>
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也可以通过 curl 自带的 <code>-o</code>/<code>-O</code> 选项将内容保存到文件中。</p>
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<li>
<code>-o</code>（小写的 o）：结果会被保存到命令行中提供的文件名</li>
<li>
<code>-O</code>（大写的 O）：URL 中的文件名会被用作保存输出的文件名</li>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -o index.html http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.codebelief.com </code>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -O http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.codebelief.com</code><code class="bash plain">/page/2/</code>
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<span><strong>注意：</strong></span>使用 <code>-O</code> 选项时，必须确保链接末尾包含文件名，否则 curl 无法正确保存文件。如果遇到链接中无文件名的情况，应该使</p>
<p>
用 <code>-o </code>选项手动指定文件名，或使用重定向符号。</p>
<p>
<span><strong>4. 同时下载多个文件</strong></span></p>
<p>
我们可以使用 <code>-o</code> 或 <code>-O</code> 选项来同时指定多个链接，按照以下格式编写命令：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -O http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.codebelief.com</code><code class="bash plain">/page/2/</code> <code class="bash plain">-O http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.codebelief.com</code><code class="bash plain">/page/3/</code>
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或者：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -o page1.html http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.codebelief.com</code><code class="bash plain">/page/1/</code> <code class="bash plain">-o page2.html http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.codebelief.com</code><code class="bash plain">/page/2/</code>
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<span><strong>5. 使用 -L 跟随链接重定向</strong></span></p>
<p>
如果直接使用 curl 打开某些被重定向后的链接，这种情况下就无法获取我们想要的网页内容。例如：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl http:</code><code class="bash plain">//codebelief</code><code class="bash plain">.com</code>
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会得到如下提示：</p>
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<code class="xhtml plain"><</code><code class="xhtml keyword">html</code><code class="xhtml plain">> </code>
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<code class="xhtml plain"><</code><code class="xhtml keyword">head</code><code class="xhtml plain">><</code><code class="xhtml keyword">title</code><code class="xhtml plain">>301 Moved Permanently</</code><code class="xhtml keyword">title</code><code class="xhtml plain">></</code><code class="xhtml keyword">head</code><code class="xhtml plain">> </code>
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<code class="xhtml plain"><</code><code class="xhtml keyword">body</code> <code class="xhtml color1">bgcolor</code><code class="xhtml plain">=</code><code class="xhtml string">"white"</code><code class="xhtml plain">> </code>
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<code class="xhtml plain"><</code><code class="xhtml keyword">center</code><code class="xhtml plain">><</code><code class="xhtml keyword">h1</code><code class="xhtml plain">>301 Moved Permanently</</code><code class="xhtml keyword">h1</code><code class="xhtml plain">></</code><code class="xhtml keyword">center</code><code class="xhtml plain">> </code>
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<code class="xhtml plain"><</code><code class="xhtml keyword">hr</code><code class="xhtml plain">><</code><code class="xhtml keyword">center</code><code class="xhtml plain">>nginx/1.10.3</</code><code class="xhtml keyword">center</code><code class="xhtml plain">> </code>
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<code class="xhtml plain"></</code><code class="xhtml keyword">body</code><code class="xhtml plain">> </code>
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<code class="xhtml plain"></</code><code class="xhtml keyword">html</code><code class="xhtml plain">></code>
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而当我们通过浏览器打开该链接时，会自动跳转到 http://www.codebelief.com。此时我们想要 curl 做的，就是像浏览器一样跟随链接的跳转，获取最终的网页内容。我们可以在命令中添加 -L 选项来跟随链接重定向：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -L http:</code><code class="bash plain">//codebelief</code><code class="bash plain">.com</code>
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这样我们就能获取到经过重定向后的网页内容了。</p>
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<span><strong>6. 使用 -A 自定义 User-Agent</strong></span></p>
<p>
我们可以使用 <code>-A</code> 来自定义用户代理，例如下面的命令将伪装成安卓火狐浏览器对网页进行请求：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -A </code><code class="bash string">"Mozilla/5.0 (Android; Mobile; rv:35.0) Gecko/35.0 Firefox/35.0"</code> <code class="bash plain">http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.baidu.com</code>
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下面我们会使用 -H 来实现同样的目的。</p>
<p>
<span><strong>7. 使用 -H 自定义 header</strong></span></p>
<p>
当我们需要传递特定的 header 的时候，可以仿照以下命令来写：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -H </code><code class="bash string">"Referer: www.example.com"</code> <code class="bash plain">-H </code><code class="bash string">"User-Agent: Custom-User-Agent"</code> <code class="bash plain">http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.baidu.com</code>
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可以看到，当我们使用 <code>-H</code> 来自定义 User-Agent 时，需要使用 "<code>User-Agent: xxx</code>" 的格式。</p>
<p>
我们能够直接在 header 中传递 Cookie，格式与上面的例子一样：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -H </code><code class="bash string">"Cookie: JSESSIONID=D0112A5063D938586B659EF8F939BE24"</code> <code class="bash plain">http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.example.com</code>
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另一种方式会在下面介绍。</p>
<p>
<span><strong>8. 使用 -c 保存 Cookie</strong></span></p>
<p>
当我们使用 cURL 访问页面的时候，默认是不会保存 Cookie 的。有些情况下我们希望保存 Cookie 以便下次访问时使用。例如登陆了某个网站，我们希望再次访问该网站时保持登陆的状态，这时就可以现将登陆时的 Cookie 保存起来，下次访问时再读取。</p>
<p>
<code>-c</code> 后面跟上要保存的文件名。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -c </code><code class="bash string">"cookie-example"</code> <code class="bash plain">http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.example.com</code>
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<span><strong>9. 使用 -b 读取 Cookie</strong></span></p>
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前面讲到了使用 <code>-H </code>来发送 Cookie 的方法，这种方式是直接将 Cookie 字符串写在命令中。如果使用 -b 来自定义 Cookie，命令如下：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -b </code><code class="bash string">"JSESSIONID=D0112A5063D938586B659EF8F939BE24"</code> <code class="bash plain">http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.example.com</code>
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如果要从文件中读取 Cookie，-H 就无能为力了，此时可以使用 <code>-b</code> 来达到这一目的：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -b </code><code class="bash string">"cookie-example"</code> <code class="bash plain">http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.example.com</code>
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即 <code>-b </code>后面既可以是 Cookie 字符串，也可以是保存了 Cookie 的文件名。</p>
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<span><strong>10. 使用 -d 发送 POST 请求</strong></span></p>
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我们以登陆网页为例来进行说明使用 cURL 发送 POST 请求的方法。假设有一个登录页面 www.example.com/login，只需要提交用户名和密码便可登录。我们可以使用 cURL 来完成这一 POST 请求，-d 用于指定发送的数据，-X 用于指定发送数据的方式：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -d </code><code class="bash string">"userName=tom&passwd=123456"</code> <code class="bash plain">-X POST http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.example.com</code><code class="bash plain">/login</code>
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在使用 <code>-d</code> 的情况下，如果省略 <code>-X</code>，则默认为 POST 方式：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -d </code><code class="bash string">"userName=tom&passwd=123456"</code> <code class="bash plain">http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.example.com</code><code class="bash plain">/login</code>
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<strong>强制使用 GET 方式</strong></p>
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发送数据时，不仅可以使用 POST 方式，也可以使用 GET 方式，例如：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -d </code><code class="bash string">"somedata"</code> <code class="bash plain">-X GET http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.example.com</code><code class="bash plain">/api</code>
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或者使用 <code>-G</code> 选项：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -d </code><code class="bash string">"somedata"</code> <code class="bash plain">-G http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.example.com</code><code class="bash plain">/api</code>
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从文件中读取 data</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -d </code><code class="bash string">"@data.txt"</code> <code class="bash plain">http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.example.com</code><code class="bash plain">/login</code>
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带 Cookie 登录</p>
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当然，如果我们再次访问该网站，仍然会变成未登录的状态。我们可以用之前提到的方法保存 Cookie，在每次访问网站时都带上该 Cookie 以保持登录状态。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -c </code><code class="bash string">"cookie-login"</code> <code class="bash plain">-d </code><code class="bash string">"userName=tom&passwd=123456"</code> <code class="bash plain">http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.example.com</code><code class="bash plain">/login</code>
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再次访问该网站时，使用以下命令：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">curl -b </code><code class="bash string">"cookie-login"</code> <code class="bash plain">http:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.example.com</code><code class="bash plain">/login</code>
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这样，就能保持访问的是登录后的页面了。</p>
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<span><strong>总结</strong></span></p>
<p>
以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了，希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作能带来一定的帮助，如果有疑问大家可以留言交流，谢谢大家对的支持。</p>
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原文链接：http://www.codebelief.com/article/2017/05/linux-command-line-curl-usage/</p>
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