ubuntu下安装程序的三种方法总结(推荐)
<p><span><strong>引言</strong></span></p>
<p>
在ubuntu当中，安装应用程序我所知道的有三种方法，分别是apt-get，dpkg安装deb和make install安装源码包三种。下面针对每一种方法各举例来说明。</p>
<p>
<span><strong>apt-get方法</strong></span></p>
<p>
使用apt-get install来安装应用程序算是最常见的一种安装方法了，比如我要安装build-essential这个软件，使用以下，他会帮我把所有的依赖包都一起安装了。</p>
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<code class="xhtml plain">sudo apt-get install build-essential</code>
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执行上述命令以后，我们可以看到一下信息，<span><strong>The following extra packages will be installed:</strong></span>表示所有需要再安装的依赖包。</p>
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<code class="xhtml plain">sudo apt-get install build-essential</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain"> password for enadmin: </code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">Reading package lists... Done</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">Building dependency tree </code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">Reading state information... Done</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">The following extra packages will be installed:</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">binutils cpp cpp-4.6 dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-4.6 gcc gcc-4.6</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">libc-bin libc-dev-bin libc6 libc6-dev libdpkg-perl libgomp1 libmpc2 libmpfr4</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">libquadmath0 libstdc++6-4.6-dev linux-libc-dev manpages-dev</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">Suggested packages:</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">binutils-doc cpp-doc gcc-4.6-locales debian-keyring g++-multilib</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">g++-4.6-multilib gcc-4.6-doc libstdc++6-4.6-dbg gcc-multilib autoconf</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">automake1.9 libtool flex bison gdb gcc-doc gcc-4.6-multilib</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">libmudflap0-4.6-dev libgcc1-dbg libgomp1-dbg libquadmath0-dbg</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">libmudflap0-dbg binutils-gold glibc-doc libstdc++6-4.6-doc</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">The following NEW packages will be installed:</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">binutils build-essential cpp cpp-4.6 dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-4.6 gcc</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">gcc-4.6 libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">libalgorithm-merge-perl libc-dev-bin libc6-dev libdpkg-perl libgomp1 libmpc2</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">libmpfr4 libquadmath0 libstdc++6-4.6-dev linux-libc-dev manpages-dev</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">The following packages will be upgraded:</code>
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<code class="xhtml spaces"> </code><code class="xhtml plain">libc-bin libc6</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">2 upgraded, 23 newly installed, 0 to remove and 101 not upgraded.</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">Need to get 36.3 MB of archives.</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">After this operation, 83.6 MB of additional disk space will be used.</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">Do you want to continue ? y</code>
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<p>
下面给出apt-get的的各种参数：</p>
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apt-get install xxx 安装xxx 。如果带有参数，那么-d 表示仅下载 ，-f 表示强制安装 <br>
apt-get remove xxx 卸载xxx <br>
apt-get update 更新软件信息数据库 <br>
apt-get upgrade 进行系统升级 <br>
apt-cache search 搜索软件包 </p>
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Tips：建议您经常使用“apt-get update”命令来更新您的软件信息数据库</p>
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<strong>apt-get理论上是要求能够联网，但是如果制作了本地源，就不需要联网，制作本地源可以参考：ubuntu制作本地源</strong></p>
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<span><strong>dpkg安装deb包</strong></span></p>
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Ubuntu软件包格式为deb，安装方法如下：</p>
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sudo dpkg -i package.deb</p>
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dpkg的详细使用方法，网上有很多，下面简单列了几个：</p>
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dpkg -i package.deb</td>
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安装包</td>
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dpkg -r package</td>
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删除包</td>
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dpkg -P package</td>
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删除包（包括配置文件）</td>
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dpkg -L package</td>
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列出与该包关联的文件</td>
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dpkg -l package</td>
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显示该包的版本</td>
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dpkg –unpack package.deb</td>
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解开 deb 包的内容</td>
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dpkg -S keyword</td>
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搜索所属的包内容</td>
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dpkg -l</td>
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列出当前已安装的包</td>
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dpkg -c package.deb</td>
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列出 deb 包的内容</td>
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dpkg –configure package</td>
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配置包</td>
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<p>
根据Ubuntu中文论坛上介绍，使用apt-get方法安装的软件，所有下载的deb包都缓存到了/var/cache/apt/archives目录下了，所以可以把常用的deb包备份出来，甚至做成ISO工具包、刻盘，以后安装Ubuntu时就可以在没有网络环境的情况下进行了。下面的命令是拷贝archives这个目录到/var/cache/apt/目录下，替换原有的archives</p>
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<code class="xhtml plain">enadmin@ubuntu-server:~/ftp$ sudo cp -r archives/ /var/cache/apt/</code>
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<span><strong>make install源代码安装</strong></span></p>
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如果要使用make安装的话，那么必须得安装build-essential这个依赖包，安装方法已经在前面说过了。在安装完毕以后，我们就可以进行源码安装。源码安装大致可以分为三步骤：（./configure）–＞ 编译（sudo make） –＞ 安装（sudo make install）。</p>
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<span><strong>1.配置：</strong></span>这是编译源代码的第一步，通过 ./configure 命令完成。执行此步以便为编译源代码作准备。常用的选项有 --prefix=PREFIX，用以指定程序的安装位置。更多的选项可通过 --help 查询。也有某些程序无需执行此步。</p>
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<span><strong>2.编译：</strong></span>一旦配置通过，可即刻使用 make 指令来执行源代码的编译过程。视软件的具体情况而定，编译所需的时间也各有差异，我们所要做的就是耐心等候和静观其变。此步虽然仅下简单的指令，但有时候所遇到的问题却十分复杂。较常碰到的情形是程序编译到中途却无法圆满结束。此时，需要根据出错提示分析以便找到应对之策。</p>
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<span><strong>3.安装：</strong></span>如果编译没有问题，那么执行 sudo make install 就可以将程序安装到系统中了。</p>
<p>
下面以安装nagios为例进行说明。</p>
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<code class="xhtml plain">//1.解压缩</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">tar -zxf nagios-4.0.2.tar.gz </code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">//2.进入目录</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">cd nagios-4.0.2</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">//3.配置</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nagios </code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">//4.编译</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">make all</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">//5.安装</code>
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<code class="xhtml plain">make install && make install-init && make install-commandmode && make install-config</code>
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以上就是源代码安装方式。</p>
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这篇ubuntu下安装程序的三种方法总结(推荐)就是小编分享给大家的全部内容了，希望能给大家一个参考，也希望大家多多支持。</p>
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