Linux系统之基础扫盲教程大全

用户绝尘道长 發表於 2023-10-29 00:00:00

<p>
<strong>序言</strong></p>
<p>
如果大家都爱装逼，一般会偏爱使用安装最小化的liunx系统，那么你的系统就不带图形化的桌面功能，这样对于一个想装b的初学者来说，liunx就是黑漆马虎，一望无际的黑屏，黑屏，如何快速的对liunx系统有个较为全面基础的认识呢？答：继续往下读，哈哈。</p>
<p>
本篇目的就是让大家对linux系统有个全面的基础认知。</p>
<p>
主要内容：网络，系统，cpu，内存，硬盘，进程等等常用的基础信息查看与基础功能设置。</p>
<p>
<strong>linux系统时间相关</strong></p>
<p>
查看系统当前时间</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># date</code>
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<code class="bash plain">2017年 02月 09日星期四 03:20:45 cst</code>
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修改时间</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># date -s "2016-02-09 15:15:00"</code>
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<code class="bash plain">2016年 02月 09日星期二 15:15:00 cst</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># date</code>
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<code class="bash plain">2016年 02月 09日星期二 15:15:05 cst</code>
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同步网路时间</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ntpdate -u ntp.api.bz</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">9 feb 15:56:21 ntpdate: step </code><code class="bash functions">time</code> <code class="bash plain">server 17.253.68.253 offset 31624839.558211 sec</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># date</code>
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<code class="bash plain">2017年 02月 09日星期四 15:56:27 cst</code>
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note1:ntp是网络时间协议，主要用作同步计算机时间与服务器时间一致的。常见的ntp服务器有：210.72.145.44(国家授时中心服务器地址)，ntp.api.bz(上海)，time.nist.gov(美国)，ntp.fudan.edu.cn(复旦)，s1b.time.edu.cn(清华大学)，等等。</p>
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note2:date命令设置时间只有超级用户才有，一般用户只能查看，且修改玩之后要记得执行clock -w 命令，把系统时间写入cmos中。</p>
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<strong>linux系统主机名与操作系统相关信息</strong></p>
<p>
显示系统主机名</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># hostname</code>
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<code class="bash plain">zlhpc</code>
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修改主机名，需要同时修改/etc/hosts和/etc/sysconfig/network，且修改完之后需重启机器生效且永久保存，使用hostname命令只能临时修改不能永久有效。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># vim /etc/hostname</code>
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-v：详细信息模式；</li>
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-a：显示主机别名；</li>
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-d：显示dns域名；</li>
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-f：显示fqdn名称；</li>
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-i：显示主机的ip地址；</li>
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-s：显示短主机名称，在第一个点处截断；</li>
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-y：显示nis域名。</li>
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uname查看操作系统相关信息</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># uname -a </code>
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<code class="bash plain">linux zlhpc 3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 </code><code class="bash comments">#1 smp thu nov 19 22:10:57 utc 2015 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 gnu/linux</code>
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数据依次为：内核名称，主机名，内核版本号，内核版本，硬件名，处理器类型，硬件平台类型，操作系统名称</p>
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参数如下</p>
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-m或–machine 显示主机的硬件(cpu)名</li>
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-n或-nodename 显示主机在网络节点上的名称或主机名称</li>
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-r或–release 显示linux操作系统内核版本号</li>
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-s或–sysname 显示linux内核名称</li>
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-v 显示显示操作系统是第几个 version 版本</li>
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-p 显示处理器类型或unknown</li>
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-i 显示硬件平台类型或unknown</li>
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-o 显示操作系统名</li>
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–help 获得帮助信息</li>
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–version 显示uname版本信息</li>
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其他几种出去啊看linux版本信息的方法</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cat /proc/version</code>
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<code class="bash plain">linux version 3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 (builder@kbuilder.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.3 20140911 (red hat 4.8.3-9) (gcc) ) </code><code class="bash comments">#1 smp thu nov 19 22:10:57 utc 2015</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cat /etc/issue</code>
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<code class="bash plain">\s</code>
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<code class="bash plain">kernel \r on an \m</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># lsb_release -a</code>
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<code class="bash plain">lsb version: :core-4.1-amd64:core-4.1-noarch:cxx-4.1-amd64:cxx-4.1-noarch:desktop-4.1-amd64:desktop-4.1-noarch:languages-4.1-amd64:languages-4.1-noarch:printing-4.1-amd64:printing-4.1-noarch</code>
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<code class="bash plain">distributor </code><code class="bash functions">id</code><code class="bash plain">: centos</code>
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<code class="bash plain">description: centos linux release 7.2.1511 (core) </code>
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<code class="bash plain">release: 7.2.1511</code>
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<code class="bash plain">codename: core</code>
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linux系统查看cpu信息</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo #查看cpu信息</code>
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<code class="bash plain">model name : intel(r) core(tm) i7-4790 cpu @ 3.60ghz</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># more /proc/cpuinfo #查看cpu信息</code>
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<code class="bash plain">processor : 0</code>
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<code class="bash plain">vendor_id : genuineintel</code>
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<code class="bash plain">cpu family : 6</code>
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<code class="bash plain">model : 60</code>
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<code class="bash plain">model name : intel(r) core(tm) i7-4790 cpu @ 3.60ghz</code>
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<code class="bash plain">stepping : 3</code>
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<code class="bash plain">microcode : 0x1e</code>
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<code class="bash plain">cpu mhz : 3591.678</code>
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<code class="bash plain">cache size : 8192 kb</code>
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<code class="bash plain">physical </code><code class="bash functions">id</code> <code class="bash plain">: 0</code>
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<code class="bash plain">siblings : 1</code>
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<code class="bash plain">core </code><code class="bash functions">id</code> <code class="bash plain">: 0</code>
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<code class="bash plain">cpu cores : 1</code>
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<code class="bash plain">apicid : 0</code>
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<code class="bash plain">initial apicid : 0</code>
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<code class="bash plain">fpu : </code><code class="bash functions">yes</code>
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<code class="bash plain">fpu_exception : </code><code class="bash functions">yes</code>
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<code class="bash plain">cpuid level : 13</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># getconf long_bit #查看cpu位数</code>
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<code class="bash plain">64</code>
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<p>
<strong>linux系统用户与用户组</strong></p>
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用户与组分类，根据帐号或组的位置都可以分为：本地帐号|组，远程（域）帐号|组，ldap,nis</p>
<p>
根据帐号|组的功能分类可以分为：超级用户（root） uid：0 ，普通用户。普通用户又分为：系统帐号（uid范围：1-499，1-99：由distributions自行创建的系统帐号，100-499：若用户有系统帐号的需求时，可以使用的帐号uid）和可登录帐号（uid范围：500+）</p>
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关于系统用户和组的相关配置文件放在系统的一下文件中：</p>
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用户的帐号信息：/etc/passwd 用户的密码信息：/etc/shadow</p>
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用户组信息:/etc/group 组的密码信息：/etc/gshadow</p>
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那么下面我们一一打开这些文件来看看他们到底存放啦那些内容，格式是什么样的，我们又该怎么解读。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cat /etc/passwd</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root:x:0:0:root:</code><code class="bash plain">/root</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/bash</code>
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<code class="bash plain">bin:x:1:1:bin:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">daemon:x:2:2:daemon:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">adm:x:3:4:adm:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/adm</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">lp:x:4:7:lp:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/spool/lpd</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash functions">sync</code><code class="bash plain">:x:5:0:</code><code class="bash functions">sync</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/sync</code>
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<code class="bash functions">shutdown</code><code class="bash plain">:x:6:0:</code><code class="bash functions">shutdown</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/shutdown</code>
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<code class="bash plain">halt:x:7:0:halt:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/halt</code>
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<code class="bash plain">mail:x:8:12:mail:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/spool/mail</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">operator:x:11:0:operator:</code><code class="bash plain">/root</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">games:x:12:100:games:</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/games</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash functions">ftp</code><code class="bash plain">:x:14:50:</code><code class="bash functions">ftp</code> <code class="bash plain">user:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/ftp</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">nobody:x:99:99:nobody:/:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:avahi ipv4ll stack:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/avahi-autoipd</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">systemd-bus-proxy:x:999:997:systemd bus proxy:/:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">systemd-network:x:998:996:systemd network management:/:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">dbus:x:81:81:system message bus:/:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">polkitd:x:997:995:user </code><code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">polkitd:/:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tss:x:59:59:account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:</code><code class="bash plain">/dev/null</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">postfix:x:89:89::</code><code class="bash plain">/var/spool/postfix</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">sshd:x:74:74:privilege-separated </code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/empty/sshd</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">rpc:x:32:32:rpcbind daemon:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/rpcbind</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">abrt:x:173:173::</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/abrt</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">libstoragemgmt:x:996:994:daemon account </code><code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">libstoragemgmt:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/run/lsm</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">chrony:x:995:993::</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/chrony</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">ntp:x:38:38::</code><code class="bash plain">/etc/ntp</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcpdump:x:72:72::/:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">rabbitmq:x:994:992:rabbitmq messaging server:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/rabbitmq</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/bash</code>
</div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">nginx:x:993:991:nginx web server:</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/nginx</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
每一行都代表一个用户，每一行中的冒号(:)代表分割符，那我们拿第一行做一个解读，如下：</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_743917">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">root:x:0:0:root:</code><code class="bash plain">/root</code><code class="bash plain">:</code><code class="bash plain">/bin/bash</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
1.root：用户名<br>
2.x：密码占位符<br>
3.uid<br>
4.gid<br>
5.用户描述<br>
6.用户主文件夹<br>
7.登录后使用的shell./sbin/nologin此shell会让该用户无法登录。</p>
<p>
查看系统中支持那些shell：</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_607107">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
2</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
3</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
4</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
5</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
6</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
7</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
8</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
9</div>
</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cat /etc/shells</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">/bin/sh</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">/bin/bash</code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">/usr/bin/sh</code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">/usr/bin/bash</code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/nologin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">/bin/tcsh</code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">/bin/csh</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
接下来我们看下用户关于密码的配置文件：</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_145429">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
2</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
3</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
4</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
5</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
6</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
7</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
8</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
9</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
10</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
11</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
12</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
13</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
14</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
15</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
16</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
17</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
18</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
19</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
20</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
21</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
22</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
23</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">
24</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">
25</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
26</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2">
27</div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1">
28</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">
29</div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1">
30</div>
</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cat /etc/shadow</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">root:$6$zvdr2oo1yg7altbs$.70ppmyxg70k9bvltjhdm94cda1ywdrdi5nfzsfcmzf5wmesgibludnqrjuvycg481ny9rl</code><code class="bash plain">//yzafnxhurqi//</code><code class="bash plain">::0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">bin:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">daemon:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">adm:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">lp:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash functions">sync</code><code class="bash plain">:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash functions">shutdown</code><code class="bash plain">:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">halt:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">mail:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">operator:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">games:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
<code class="bash functions">ftp</code><code class="bash plain">:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">nobody:*:16659:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">avahi-autoipd:!!:17203::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">systemd-bus-proxy:!!:17203::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">systemd-network:!!:17203::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">dbus:!!:17203::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">polkitd:!!:17203::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tss:!!:17203::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">postfix:!!:17203::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">sshd:!!:17203::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">rpc:!!:17204:0:99999:7:::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">abrt:!!:17204::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">libstoragemgmt:!!:17204::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">chrony:!!:17204::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">ntp:!!:17204::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcpdump:!!:17204::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">rabbitmq:!!:17204::::::</code>
</div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">nginx:!!:17204::::::</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
依然拿出第一行做一下解读：</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="codetitle">
<span><u>复制代码</u></span> 代码如下:</div>
<div class="codebody" id="code51412">
<br>
root:$6$zvdr2oo1yg7altbs$.70ppmyxg70k9bvltjhdm94cda1ywdrdi5nfzsfcmzf5wmesgibludnqrjuvycg481ny9rl//yzafnxhurqi//::0:99999:7:::</div>
<p>
</p>
<p>
1.root：用户名<br>
2.$6$zvdr2oo1yg7altbs$.70ppmyxg70k9bvltjhdm94cda1ywdrdi5nfzsfcmzf5wmesgibludnqrjuvycg481ny9rl//yzafnxhurqi//：root用户用sha512加密过的用户密码<br>
3.最近更改密码的日期，从19700101开始计算至修改密码那天的累积天数。<br>
4.0：密码不能更改的天数，最近更改过后几年之后才能被再次更改，0表示可以随意随时修改。<br>
5.99999：密码的过期时间，密码在多少天后必须被修改。<br>
6.7：系统需要在密码过期的的前7天发出密码即将过期的警告。<br>
7.宽限天数，密码过啦几天后还能修改密码。<br>
8.帐号过期时间<br>
9.保留字段，目前没有用到。</p>
<p>
查看关于组的配置文件，如下：</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_452675">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
2</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
3</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
4</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
5</div>
</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># head -n 4 /etc/group</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">root:x:0:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">bin:x:1:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">daemon:x:2:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">sys:x:3:</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_806226">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">root:x:0:</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
1.root：用户组名称<br>
2.x:用户组密码的占位符<br>
3.0：用户组的gid<br>
4.此用户组支持的帐号名称。</p>
<p>
接下来我们来看下帐号管理，关于帐号的增删改查操作</p>
<p>
1、添加用户</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_346781">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
2</div>
</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># useradd zhanglonghao</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># useradd zhanglonghao1</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
useradd （选项）（参数）</p>
<ul>
<li>
-c<备注>：加上备注文字。备注文字会保存在passwd的备注栏位中；</li>
<li>
-d<登入目录>：指定用户登入时的启始目录；</li>
<li>
-d：变更预设值；</li>
<li>
-e<有效期限>：指定帐号的有效期限；</li>
<li>
-f<缓冲天数>：指定在密码过期后多少天即关闭该帐号；</li>
<li>
-g<群组>：指定用户所属的群组；</li>
<li>
-g<群组>：指定用户所属的附加群组；</li>
<li>
-m：自动建立用户的登入目录；</li>
<li>
-m：不要自动建立用户的登入目录；</li>
<li>
-n：取消建立以用户名称为名的群组；</li>
<li>
-r：建立系统帐号；</li>
<li>
-s：指定用户登入后所使用的shell；</li>
<li>
-u：指定用户id。</li>
</ul>
<p>
修改用户信息，参数选项和添加一致。</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_238795">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
2</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
3</div>
</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># usermod zhanglonghao -u 1005</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># id zhanglonghao</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">uid=1005(zhanglonghao) gid=1000(zhanglonghao) 组=1000(zhanglonghao)</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
删除用户</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_995856">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># userdel zhanglonghao2 -rf</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
userdel，参数如下：如果不加下面的参数进行直接删除，则用户删除，用户的目录与文件依旧保留。</p>
<ol>
<li>
-f：强制删除用户，即使用户当前已登录；</li>
<li>
-r：删除用户的同时，删除与用户相关的所有文件。</li>
</ol>
<p>
把某个用户添加到哪个组中：示例把用户zhanglonghao添加到zhanglonghao1的组中，且也在原有的组中不被删除，这是必须加 -a意思是附加的意思，如下：</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_572666">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
2</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
3</div>
</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># usermod zhanglonghao -a -g zhanglonghao1</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># groups zhanglonghao</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">zhanglonghao : zhanglonghao zhanglonghao1</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
id查看用户的id信息</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_338580">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
2</div>
</td>
<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># id zhanglonghao</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">uid=1005(zhanglonghao) gid=1000(zhanglonghao) 组=1000(zhanglonghao),1001(zhanglonghao1)</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
查看当前登录系统的用户信息</p>
<div class="jb51code">
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># who</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root pts</code><code class="bash plain">/0</code> <code class="bash plain">2017-02-12 15:01 (172.18.8.196)</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># users</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># id -un</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># whoami</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># who</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root pts</code><code class="bash plain">/0</code> <code class="bash plain">2017-02-12 15:01 (172.18.8.196)</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># w</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">16:51:15 up 1:50, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05</code>
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<code class="bash plain">user </code><code class="bash functions">tty</code> <code class="bash plain">from    login@ idle jcpu pcpu what</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root pts</code><code class="bash plain">/0</code> <code class="bash plain">172.18.8.196 15:01 3.00s 0.44s 0.01s w</code>
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<p>
我们针对w这个命令做个解释</p>
<p>
1.user:用户名<br>
2.tty：用户的机器名或tty号<br>
3.from：远程主机的地址<br>
4.login@：用户登录系统的时间<br>
5.idle：空闲时间<br>
6.jcpu：附加到tty（终端）的进程所用的时间（jcpu时间）<br>
7.pcpu：当前进程所用时间（pcpu时间）<br>
8.what：用户当前正在使用的命令</p>
<p>
参数为 -h ：忽略头文件信息， -u：显示结果的加载时间， -s ：不显示jcpu,pcpu,登陆时间。</p>
<p>
<strong>liunx网络的基本操作</strong></p>
<p>
打开网页:curl </p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># curl www.baidu.com</code>
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<code class="bash plain"><!doctype html></code>
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<code class="bash plain"><html> <</code><code class="bash functions">head</code><code class="bash plain">><meta http-equiv=content-</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">content=text</code><code class="bash plain">/html</code><code class="bash plain">;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=x-ua-compatible content=ie=edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet </code><code class="bash functions">type</code><code class="bash plain">=text</code><code class="bash plain">/css</code> <code class="bash plain">href=http:</code><code class="bash plain">//s1</code><code class="bash plain">.bdstatic.com</code><code class="bash plain">/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu</code><code class="bash plain">.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道<</code><code class="bash plain">/title</code><code class="bash plain">><</code><code class="bash plain">/head</code><code class="bash plain">> <body link=</code><code class="bash comments">#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class="head_wrapper"> <div class="s_form"> <div class="s_form_wrapper"> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class="fm"> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class="s_ipt" value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class="mnav">新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class="mnav">hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class="mnav">地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class="mnav">视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class="mnav">贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3a%2f%2fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class="lb">登录</a> </noscript><a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class="bri">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftcon> <div id=ftconw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>about baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a> <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class="cp-feedback">意见反馈</a> 京icp证030173号 <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html></code>
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<p>
下载文件：wget</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># wget http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-3.0.6.tar.gz</code>
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<p>
linux下的文本浏览器：w3m与links</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># w3m www.baidu.com</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># links www.baidu.com</code>
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<p>
检查你的网络与另外一台机器是否互通：ping</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ping www.baidu.com</code>
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<p>
做路由图提供我们分析哪里出现故障或者是否存在网络拥塞情况：mtr</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># mtr</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># mtr -r -c 30 www.baidu.com #每秒发送数据包的数量是30 ，mtr -r -c 30 -s 1024 www.baidu.com #ping包的大小为1024个字节</code>
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<code class="bash plain">start: sun feb 12 18:01:09 2017</code>
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<code class="bash plain">host: zlhpc      loss% snt last avg best wrst stdev</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">1.|-- ???      100.0 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">2.|-- 116.236.169.77    0.0% 30 4179. 9116. 4179. 11973 2051.2</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">3.|-- 124.74.124.165    0.0% 30 1.9 3.6 1.7 5.4 1.0</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">4.|-- 124.74.210.101    0.0% 30 4.1 4.5 2.4 6.1 1.0</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">5.|-- 59.43.77.141    0.0% 30 20.1 18.1 7.4 54.5 8.2</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">6.|-- 59.43.80.94    0.0% 30 4.3 6.0 2.7 24.3 3.6</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">7.|-- 202.97.26.2    86.7% 30 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.4 0.0</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">8.|-- 220.191.200.30    0.0% 30 5.9 5.5 5.1 7.0 0.3</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">9.|-- ???      100.0 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">10.|-- 115.239.209.2    0.0% 30 6.8 7.1 6.6 8.0 0.0</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">11.|-- ???      100.0 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">12.|-- 115.239.210.27    0.0% 30 6.1 6.5 5.6 11.7 1.4</code>
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<ol>
<li>
第一列：显示的是ip地址和本机域名，这点和tracert很像。</li>
<li>
第二列 loss%：是显示的每个对应ip的丢包率。</li>
<li>
第三列 snt：snt等于10，设置每秒发送数据包的数量，默认值是10 可以通过参数 -c来指定。</li>
<li>
第四列 last：显示的最近一次的返回时延。</li>
<li>
第五列 avg：平均值，这个应该是发送ping包的平均时延。</li>
<li>
第六列 best：最好或者说时延最短的时间。</li>
<li>
第七列 wrst：最坏或者说时延最长的时间。</li>
<li>
第八列 stdev：标准偏差。</li>
</ol>
<p>
mtr参数如下：</p>
<p>
1.-h 提供帮助命令</p>
<p>
2.-v 显示mtr的版本信息</p>
<p>
3.-r 已报告模式显示</p>
<p>
4.-c 设置每秒发送数据包的数量</p>
<p>
5. -s 用来指定ping数据包的大小</p>
<p>
6.-n no-dns不对ip地址做域名解析</p>
<p>
7.-a 来设置发送数据包的ip地址这个对一个主机由多个ip地址是有用的</p>
<p>
8.-i 使用这个参数来设置icmp返回之间的要求默认是1秒</p>
<p>
9.-4 ipv4</p>
<p>
10.-6 ipv6</p>
<p>
dns查询，如果是参数是域名输出关联ip，如果参数是ip输出关联的域名：host</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># host www.baidu.com</code>
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<code class="bash plain">www.baidu.com is an </code><code class="bash functions">alias</code> <code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">www.a.shifen.com.</code>
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<code class="bash plain">www.a.shifen.com has address 115.239.211.112</code>
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<code class="bash plain">www.a.shifen.com has address 115.239.210.27</code>
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<p>
出网络接口配置、调优和debug的各种选项：ifconfig</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ifconfig</code>
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<code class="bash plain">eno16777736: flags=4163<up,broadcast,running,multicast> mtu 1500</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">inet 172.18.8.190 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 172.18.8.255</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feb5:d2d8 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link></code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">ether 00:0c:29:b5:d2:d8 txqueuelen 1000 (ethernet)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">rx packets 10916 bytes 7044121 (6.7 mib)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">rx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">tx packets 7267 bytes 774719 (756.5 kib)</code>
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<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">tx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0</code>
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<code class="bash plain">lo: flags=73<up,loopback,running> mtu 65536</code>
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<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host></code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">loop txqueuelen 0 (</code><code class="bash functions">local</code> <code class="bash plain">loopback)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">rx packets 318 bytes 32844 (32.0 kib)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">rx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">tx packets 318 bytes 32844 (32.0 kib)</code>
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<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">tx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0</code>
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<p>
关于ip的命令</p>
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18</div>
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<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
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31</div>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ip link show #查看所有网络接口属性信息</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">1: lo: <loopback,up,lower_up> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state unknown mode default </code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">link</code><code class="bash plain">/loopback</code> <code class="bash plain">00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00</code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">2: eno16777736: <broadcast,multicast,up,lower_up> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state up mode default qlen 1000</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">link</code><code class="bash plain">/ether</code> <code class="bash plain">00:0c:29:b5:d2:d8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ip -s link show #查看所有统计信息</code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">1: lo: <loopback,up,lower_up> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state unknown mode default </code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">link</code><code class="bash plain">/loopback</code> <code class="bash plain">00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00</code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">rx: bytes packets errors dropped overrun mcast </code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">32844 318 0 0 0 0 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">tx: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns </code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">32844 318 0 0 0 0 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">2: eno16777736: <broadcast,multicast,up,lower_up> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state up mode default qlen 1000</code>
</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">link</code><code class="bash plain">/ether</code> <code class="bash plain">00:0c:29:b5:d2:d8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</code>
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">rx: bytes packets errors dropped overrun mcast </code>
</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">7050452 10988 0 0 0 0 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">tx: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns </code>
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">780097 7309 0 0 0 0 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ip addr show #查看网络信息</code>
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">1: lo: <loopback,up,lower_up> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state unknown </code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">link</code><code class="bash plain">/loopback</code> <code class="bash plain">00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00</code>
</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">inet 127.0.0.1</code><code class="bash plain">/8</code> <code class="bash plain">scope host lo</code>
</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever</code>
</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">inet6 ::1</code><code class="bash plain">/128</code> <code class="bash plain">scope host </code>
</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever</code>
</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">2: eno16777736: <broadcast,multicast,up,lower_up> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state up qlen 1000</code>
</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">link</code><code class="bash plain">/ether</code> <code class="bash plain">00:0c:29:b5:d2:d8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</code>
</div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">inet 172.18.8.190</code><code class="bash plain">/24</code> <code class="bash plain">brd 172.18.8.255 scope global dynamic eno16777736</code>
</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">valid_lft 83120sec preferred_lft 83120sec</code>
</div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feb5:d2d8</code><code class="bash plain">/64</code> <code class="bash plain">scope link </code>
</div>
<div class="line number31 index30 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
这里简单介绍下，以后会有深入介绍。</p>
<p>
ifdown与ifup分别是禁用与启用摸个网络接口</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ifdown eno16777736</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ifup eno16777736</code>
</div>
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</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
<strong>netstat命令查看网络信息</strong></p>
<p>
netstat命令是一个监控tcp/ip网络的非常有用的工具，它可以显示路由表、实际的网络连接以及每一个网络接口设备的，netstat命令的功能是显示网络连接、路由表和网络接口信息，可以让用户得知目前都有哪些网络连接正在运作。</p>
<p>
netstat [选项]</p>
<ol>
<li>
-a 显示所有socket，包括正在监听的。</li>
<li>
-c 每隔1秒就重新显示一遍，直到用户中断它。</li>
<li>
-i 显示所有网络接口的信息，格式同“ifconfig -e”。</li>
<li>
-n 以网络ip地址代替名称，显示出网络连接情形</li>
<li>
-r 显示核心路由表，格式同“route -e”。</li>
<li>
-t 显示tcp协议的连接情况。</li>
<li>
-u 显示udp协议的连接情况。</li>
<li>
-v 显示正在进行的工作。</li>
<li>
-p 显示建立相关链接的程序名</li>
</ol>
<p>
列出所有连接</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># netstat -a --列出所有连接</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">active internet connections (servers and established)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">proto recv-q send-q </code><code class="bash functions">local</code> <code class="bash plain">address   foreign address   state </code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc   0.0.0.0:*    listen </code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:</code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code>    <code class="bash plain">0.0.0.0:*    listen </code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp   0.0.0.0:*    listen</code>
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</div>
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</div>
<p>
只列出tcp或者udp协议的连接 </p>
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6</div>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># netstat -at</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">active internet connections (servers and established)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">proto recv-q send-q </code><code class="bash functions">local</code> <code class="bash plain">address   foreign address   state </code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc   0.0.0.0:*    listen </code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:</code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code>    <code class="bash plain">0.0.0.0:*    listen </code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp   0.0.0.0:*    listen</code>
</div>
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</td>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
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8</div>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># netstat -au</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">active internet connections (servers and established)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">proto recv-q send-q </code><code class="bash functions">local</code> <code class="bash plain">address   foreign address   state </code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:18604   0.0.0.0:*       </code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">udp 0 0 localhost:323   0.0.0.0:*       </code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:bootpc   0.0.0.0:*       </code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">udp6 0 0 localhost:323   [::]:*        </code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">udp6 0 0 [::]:53744    [::]:*</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
禁用反向域名解析，加快查询速度 </p>
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8</div>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># netstat -ant</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">active internet connections (servers and established)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">proto recv-q send-q </code><code class="bash functions">local</code> <code class="bash plain">address      foreign address     state   </code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 0.0.0.0:111       0.0.0.0:*        listen   </code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 0.0.0.0:22       0.0.0.0:*        listen   </code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 127.0.0.1:25      0.0.0.0:*        listen   </code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   52 172.18.8.190:22     172.18.8.196:51171   established</code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 172.18.8.190:22     172.18.8.196:49639   established</code>
</div>
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</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
只列出监听中的连接 </p>
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8</div>
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9</div>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># netstat -tnl</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">active internet connections (only servers)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">proto recv-q send-q </code><code class="bash functions">local</code> <code class="bash plain">address      foreign address     state   </code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 0.0.0.0:111       0.0.0.0:*        listen   </code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 0.0.0.0:22       0.0.0.0:*        listen   </code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 127.0.0.1:25      0.0.0.0:*        listen   </code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp6    0   0 :::111         :::*          listen   </code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp6    0   0 :::22          :::*          listen   </code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp6    0   0 ::1:25         :::*          listen</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
获取进程名，进程号以及用户id </p>
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9</div>
</td>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># netstat -nlpt</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">active internet connections (only servers)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">proto recv-q send-q </code><code class="bash functions">local</code> <code class="bash plain">address      foreign address     state    pid</code><code class="bash plain">/program</code> <code class="bash plain">name </code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 0.0.0.0:111       0.0.0.0:*        listen   1</code><code class="bash plain">/systemd</code>     </div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 0.0.0.0:22       0.0.0.0:*        listen   1538</code><code class="bash plain">/sshd</code>     </div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 127.0.0.1:25      0.0.0.0:*        listen   2094</code><code class="bash plain">/master</code>    </div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp6    0   0 :::111         :::*          listen   1</code><code class="bash plain">/systemd</code>     </div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp6    0   0 :::22          :::*          listen   1538</code><code class="bash plain">/sshd</code>     </div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp6    0   0 ::1:25         :::*          listen   2094</code><code class="bash plain">/master</code>
</div>
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</td>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># netstat -ltpe</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">active internet connections (only servers)</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">proto recv-q send-q </code><code class="bash functions">local</code> <code class="bash plain">address      foreign address     state    user    inode   pid</code><code class="bash plain">/program</code> <code class="bash plain">name </code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc     0.0.0.0:*        listen   root    16299   1</code><code class="bash plain">/systemd</code>     </div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 0.0.0.0:</code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code>       <code class="bash plain">0.0.0.0:*        listen   root    21179   1538</code><code class="bash plain">/sshd</code>     </div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 localhost:smtp     0.0.0.0:*        listen   root    22083   2094</code><code class="bash plain">/master</code>    </div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp6    0   0 [::]:sunrpc       [::]:*         listen   root    16298   1</code><code class="bash plain">/systemd</code>     </div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tcp6    0   0 [::]:</code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code>        <code class="bash plain">[::]:*         listen   root    21189   1538</code><code class="bash plain">/sshd</code>     </div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tcp6    0   0 localhost:smtp     [::]:*         listen   root    22084   2094</code><code class="bash plain">/master</code>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
</div>
<p>
网络报统计情况</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># netstat -s</code>
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<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">ip:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">7872 total packets received</code>
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<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">0 forwarded</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">0 incoming packets discarded</code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">6932 incoming packets delivered</code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">7284 requests sent out</code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">60 dropped because of missing route</code>
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<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">icmp:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">260 icmp messages received</code>
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">1 input icmp message failed.</code>
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<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">icmp input histogram:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash plain">destination unreachable: 1</code>
</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash plain">timeout </code><code class="bash keyword">in</code> <code class="bash plain">transit: 214</code>
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">requests: 1</code>
</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">replies: 44</code>
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">409 icmp messages sent</code>
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">0 icmp messages failed</code>
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">icmp output histogram:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash plain">destination unreachable: 33</code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">request: 12</code>
</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">replies: </code>
</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">... output truncated ...</code>
</div>
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</div>
</div>
<p>
持续输出 -c持续输出tcp协议信息</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># netstat -ct</code>
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<code class="bash plain">active internet connections (w</code><code class="bash plain">/o</code> <code class="bash plain">servers)</code>
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<code class="bash plain">proto recv-q send-q </code><code class="bash functions">local</code> <code class="bash plain">address      foreign address     state   </code>
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<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   52 zlhpc:</code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code>        <code class="bash plain">localhost:51171     established</code>
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<code class="bash plain">tcp    0   0 zlhpc:</code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code>        <code class="bash plain">localhost:49639     established</code>
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</div>
</div>
<p>
<strong>iftop工具实时监控linux系统的网络流量信息</strong></p>
<p>
最后上一个简单的实时流量监控工具：iftop ，它可以用来监控实时流量，反向解析ip，显示端口等。使用需先安装iftop，官网地址：http://www.ex-parrot.com/~pdw/iftop/</p>
<p>
不过还有很多类似的软件，我们放在以后讨论。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># iftop</code>
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<code class="bash plain">interface: eno16777736</code>
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<code class="bash plain">ip address is: 172.18.8.190</code>
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<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">mac address is: 00:0c:29:b5:d2:d8</code>
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<p>
<img title="Linux系统之基础扫盲教程大全" alt="Linux系统之基础扫盲教程大全" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/07dbce8817d50fc0258c34f06b17f903.jpg"></p>
<p>
常用参数命令：</p>
<ol>
<li>
-i设定监测的网卡，如：# iftop -i eth1</li>
<li>
-b 以bytes为单位显示流量(默认是bits)，如：# iftop -b</li>
<li>
-n使host信息默认直接都显示ip，如：# iftop -n</li>
<li>
-n使端口信息默认直接都显示端口号，如: # iftop -n</li>
<li>
-f显示特定网段的进出流量，如# iftop -f 10.10.1.0/24或# iftop -f 10.10.1.0/255.255.255.0</li>
<li>
-h（display this message），帮助，显示参数信息</li>
<li>
-p使用这个参数后，中间的列表显示的本地主机信息，出现了本机以外的ip信息;</li>
<li>
-b使流量图形条默认就显示;</li>
<li>
-f这个暂时还不太会用，过滤计算包用的;</li>
<li>
-p使host信息及端口信息默认就都显示;</li>
<li>
-m设置界面最上边的刻度的最大值，刻度分五个大段显示，例：# iftop -m 100m</li>
</ol>
<p>
图解：</p>
<ol>
<li>
界面头部：流量刻度尺，对应下边每行的白色横条。</li>
<li>
界面中部：左边为服务器；中间为外网ip，左箭头流入，右箭头流出；右边为2s 10s 40s 的流量情况。</li>
<li>
界面下部：tx：发送流量，rx：接收流量，total：总流量，cumm：运行iftop到目前时间的总流量，peak：流量峰值，rates：分别表示过去 2s 10s 40s 的平均流量</li>
</ol>
<p>
界面命令：</p>
<ol>
<li>
按h切换是否显示帮助;</li>
<li>
按n切换显示本机的ip或主机名;</li>
<li>
按s切换是否显示本机的host信息;</li>
<li>
按d切换是否显示远端目标主机的host信息;</li>
<li>
按t切换显示格式为2行/1行/只显示发送流量/只显示接收流量;</li>
<li>
按n切换显示端口号或端口服务名称;</li>
<li>
按s切换是否显示本机的端口信息;</li>
<li>
按d切换是否显示远端目标主机的端口信息;</li>
<li>
按p切换是否显示端口信息;</li>
<li>
按p切换暂停/继续显示;</li>
<li>
按b切换是否显示平均流量图形条;</li>
<li>
按b切换计算2秒或10秒或40秒内的平均流量;</li>
<li>
按t切换是否显示每个连接的总流量;</li>
<li>
按l打开屏幕过滤功能，输入要过滤的字符，比如ip,按回车后，屏幕就只显示这个ip相关的流量信息;</li>
<li>
按l切换显示画面上边的刻度;刻度不同，流量图形条会有变化;</li>
<li>
按j或按k可以向上或向下滚动屏幕显示的连接记录;</li>
<li>
按1或2或3可以根据右侧显示的三列流量数据进行排序;</li>
<li>
按<根据左边的本机名或ip排序;</li>
<li>
按>根据远端目标主机的主机名或ip排序;</li>
<li>
按o切换是否固定只显示当前的连接;</li>
<li>
按f可以编辑过滤代码，这是翻译过来的说法，我还没用过这个！</li>
<li>
按!可以使用shell命令，这个没用过！没搞明白啥命令在这好用呢！</li>
<li>
按q退出监控。</li>
</ol>
<p>
<strong>linux系统的硬盘存储与tree工具</strong></p>
<p>
整个系统的存储情况 </p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># df -h</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">文件系统         容量已用可用已用% 挂载点</code>
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<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">/dev/mapper/centos-root</code> <code class="bash plain">18g 2.1g 16g 12% /</code>
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<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">devtmpfs         479m   0 479m 0% </code><code class="bash plain">/dev</code>
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<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tmpfs          489m   0 489m 0% </code><code class="bash plain">/dev/shm</code>
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<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tmpfs          489m 6.7m 483m 2% </code><code class="bash plain">/run</code>
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<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">tmpfs          489m   0 489m 0% </code><code class="bash plain">/sys/fs/cgroup</code>
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<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">/dev/sda1</code>        <code class="bash plain">497m 124m 374m 25% </code><code class="bash plain">/boot</code>
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<code class="bash plain">tmpfs           98m   0 98m 0% </code><code class="bash plain">/run/user/0</code>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
某个文件或文件夹大小</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># du --max-depth=1 -h</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">108m .</code><code class="bash plain">/bin</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">46m .</code><code class="bash plain">/sbin</code>
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<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">390m .</code><code class="bash plain">/lib</code>
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<code class="bash plain">417m .</code><code class="bash plain">/lib64</code>
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<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">517m .</code><code class="bash plain">/share</code>
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<code class="bash plain">0 .</code><code class="bash plain">/etc</code>
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<code class="bash plain">0 .</code><code class="bash plain">/games</code>
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<code class="bash plain">35m .</code><code class="bash plain">/include</code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">78m .</code><code class="bash plain">/libexec</code>
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<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">51m .</code><code class="bash plain">/local</code>
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<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">55m .</code><code class="bash plain">/src</code>
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<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">1.7g .</code>
</div>
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</td>
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</div>
</div>
<p>
du的相关参数如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>
-a 显示所有文件及目录大小，递归显示</li>
<li>
--apparent-size 显示文件及目录展现大小，而非磁盘占用量。</li>
<li>
-b,--block-size='size' 显示块的数量，引号中的size表示系统的块尺寸。</li>
<li>
-b 以byte的方式显示查看对象大小，相当于--apparent-size --block-size=1</li>
<li>
-c 计总并以total表面总数</li>
<li>
-d 计算不包含链接文件</li>
<li>
-h 类似于--si 以1000为计算单位计算文件及目录的磁盘占用量</li>
<li>
-h 人类可读的模式（k,m,g）</li>
<li>
--si 以1000取代1024换算单位</li>
<li>
-k 类似于--block-size=1k指定块大小为1k，计算文件目录大小。</li>
<li>
-l, --count-links 多次计算如果包含硬链接</li>
<li>
-m 类似于--block-size=1m指定块大小为1m，计算文件目录大小。</li>
<li>
-l, --dereference 和-d参数不同，忽略所有链接对象（文件，目录）</li>
<li>
-p, --no-dereference 默认参数，不</li>
<li>
-0 用0字节替代换行符</li>
<li>
-s, --separate-dirs 不包含子目录的大小</li>
<li>
-s, --summarize 仅显示当前目录级下每个对象的总大小</li>
<li>
-x, --one-file-system 跳过那些在不同文件系统上的目录。</li>
<li>
-x file, --exclude-from=file 不包含匹配的对象，这里的file是用户指定的文件对象</li>
<li>
--exclude=pattern</li>
<li>
--max-depth= 显示目录级的深度--max-depth=0相当于--summarize</li>
<li>
--time 显示目录中文件的或子目录最后的改动时间</li>
<li>
--time=word 以关键词 word显示时间，包含：atime,access,use,ctime,status</li>
<li>
--time-style=style 调整显示时间格式，格式包含full-iso, long-iso, iso, +format（该格式来自于date命令）</li>
<li>
--help 帮助</li>
<li>
--version 版本信息</li>
</ol>
<p>
使用tree工具，查看树形目录结构，首先先安装tree工具 </p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tree -l 3 src #列出src层数为3以内的所有文件</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">src</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">├── debug</code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">└── kernels</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">└── 3.10.0-514.6.1.el7.x86_64</code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash plain">├── arch</code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash plain">├── block</code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash plain">├── crypto</code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash plain">├── drivers</code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">    </code><code class="bash plain">├── firmware</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
tree常用参数：</p>
<p>
-d:仅显示目录</p>
<p>
-a：显示所有</p>
<p>
-f：显示完整路径</p>
<p>
-l n :n为数字，表示要现实几层。</p>
<p>
<strong>进程资源的实时占用状况，linux中的任务管理器：top</strong></p>
<p>
top默认3秒刷新一次，按空格立即刷新，q：退出，m：按内存排序，p：按cpu排序，<>：翻页。</p>
<div class="jb51code">
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<code class="bash functions">top</code> <code class="bash plain">- 21:32:45 up 6:31, 2 </code><code class="bash functions">users</code><code class="bash plain">, load average: 0.01, 0.02, 0.05</code>
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<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tasks: 348 total, 2 running, 346 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie</code>
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<code class="bash plain">%cpu(s): 0.3 us, 0.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.3 </code><code class="bash functions">id</code><code class="bash plain">, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st</code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">kib mem : 1001332 total, 321616 </code><code class="bash functions">free</code><code class="bash plain">, 166176 used, 513540 buff</code><code class="bash plain">/cache</code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">kib swap: 2097148 total, 2097148 </code><code class="bash functions">free</code><code class="bash plain">,    0 used. 596688 avail mem</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">pid user   </code><code class="bash functions">pr</code> <code class="bash plain">ni virt res shr s %cpu %mem   </code><code class="bash functions">time</code><code class="bash plain">+ </code><code class="bash functions">command</code>      </div>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">3865 root   20 0 146296 2272 1452 r 0.7 0.2 0:00.62 </code><code class="bash functions">top</code>        </div>
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<code class="bash spaces">   </code><code class="bash plain">1 root   20 0 126416 7184 2608 s 0.0 0.7 0:02.43 systemd       </code>
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<code class="bash spaces">   </code><code class="bash plain">2 root   20 0    0   0   0 s 0.0 0.0 0:00.06 kthreadd      </code>
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<code class="bash spaces">   </code><code class="bash plain">3 root   20 0    0   0   0 s 0.0 0.0 0:00.37 ksoftirqd</code><code class="bash plain">/0</code>    </div>
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<code class="bash spaces">   </code><code class="bash plain">6 root   20 0    0   0   0 s 0.0 0.0 0:00.98 kworker</code><code class="bash plain">/u256</code><code class="bash plain">:0   </code>
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<code class="bash spaces">   </code><code class="bash plain">7 root   rt 0    0   0   0 s 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration</code><code class="bash plain">/0</code>    </div>
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<code class="bash spaces">   </code><code class="bash plain">8 root   20 0    0   0   0 s 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_bh       </code>
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<code class="bash spaces">   </code><code class="bash plain">9 root   20 0    0   0   0 s 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcuob</code><code class="bash plain">/0</code>      </div>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">10 root   20 0    0   0   0 s 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcuob</code><code class="bash plain">/1</code>      </div>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">11 root   20 0    0   0   0 s 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcuob</code><code class="bash plain">/2</code>      </div>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">12 root   20 0    0   0   0 s 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcuob</code><code class="bash plain">/3</code>      </div>
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<code class="bash spaces">  </code><code class="bash plain">13 root   20 0    0   0   0 s 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcuob</code><code class="bash plain">/4</code>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
统计讲解：</p>
<p>
第一行的统计信息与命令uptime命令执行结果一致，依次为：</p>
<ol>
<li>
21:32:45 ：当前时间</li>
<li>
6:31 ：系统运行时间</li>
<li>
2 users：当前登录用户数</li>
<li>
load average: 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 ：系统负载，即任务队列的平均长度：1分钟，5分钟，15分钟前到现在的平均值。一般来说，每个cpu内核当前活动进程不大于3，则系统运行表现良好。当然这里说的是每个cpu内核，也就是如果你的主机是8核的话，那么uptime输出的最后一串字符应小于8*3=24即表示系统负载不是很严重。</li>
</ol>
<p>
第二、三行为进程和cpu的信息，当有多个cpu时，这些内容可能会超过2行，内容如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>
tasks: 348 total：进程总数</li>
<li>
2 running：正在运行的进程数</li>
<li>
346 sleeping：睡眠的进程数</li>
<li>
0 stopped：停止的进程数</li>
<li>
0 zombie ：僵尸进程数</li>
<li>
%cpu(s) 0.3 us：系统用户进程使用cpu百分比，不包括调高优先级的进程。cpu%是由每个核的cpu占用率之和计算出来的，如果是4核，核1使用率为100%，核2cpu使用率为100%，则会出现cpu高于100%的现象，最终为200%。</li>
<li>
0.3 sy ：内核空间占用cpu百分比</li>
<li>
0.0 ni ：用户进程空间内改变过优先级的进程占用cpu百分比</li>
<li>
99.3 id ：空闲cpu百分比</li>
<li>
0.0 wa ：等待输入输出的cpu时间百分比</li>
<li>
0.0 hi ：硬件cpu中断占用百分比</li>
<li>
0.0 si :软中断占用百分比</li>
<li>
0.0 st :虚拟机占用百分比</li>
</ol>
<p>
第四、五行为内存信息</p>
<ol>
<li>
kib mem : 1001332 total ：物力内存总量</li>
<li>
321616 free ：空闲内存总量</li>
<li>
166176 used ：使用物理内存总量</li>
<li>
513540 buff/cache ：用作内核缓存的内存量，和free -k 命令一个意思</li>
<li>
kib swap: 2097148 total ：交换区总量</li>
<li>
2097148 free ：空闲交换区总量</li>
<li>
0 used ：使用交换区总量</li>
<li>
596688 avail mem :缓冲的交换区总量,内存中的内容被换出到交换区，而后又被换入到内存，但使用过的交换区尚未被覆盖，该数值即为这些内容已存在于内存中的交换区的大小,相应的内存再次被换出时可不必再对交换区写入。</li>
</ol>
<p>
第六列头标题详细</p>
<ol>
<li>
pid ：进程id</li>
<li>
ppid ：父进程id</li>
<li>
ruser ：real user name</li>
<li>
uid ：进程所有者的用户id</li>
<li>
user ：进程所有者的用户名</li>
<li>
group ：进程所有者的组名</li>
<li>
tty ：启动进程的终端名。不是从终端启动的进程则显示为 ?</li>
<li>
pr ：优先级</li>
<li>
ni ： nice值。负值表示高优先级，正值表示低优先级</li>
<li>
p ：最后使用的cpu，仅在多cpu环境下有意义</li>
<li>
%cpu ：上次更新到现在的cpu时间占用百分比</li>
<li>
time ：进程使用的cpu时间总计，单位秒</li>
<li>
time+ ：进程使用的cpu时间总计，单位1/100秒</li>
<li>
%mem ：进程使用的物理内存百分比</li>
<li>
virt ：进程使用的虚拟内存总量，单位kb。virt=swap+res</li>
<li>
swap ：进程使用的虚拟内存中，被换出的大小，单位kb。</li>
<li>
res：进程使用的、未被换出的物理内存大小，单位kb。res=code+data</li>
<li>
code：可执行代码占用的物理内存大小，单位kb</li>
<li>
data ：可执行代码以外的部分(数据段+栈)占用的物理内存大小，单位kb</li>
<li>
shr ：共享内存大小，单位kb</li>
<li>
nflt：页面错误次数</li>
<li>
ndrt ：最后一次写入到现在，被修改过的页面数。</li>
<li>
s ：进程状态(d=不可中断的睡眠状态,r=运行,s=睡眠,t=跟踪/停止,z=僵尸进程)</li>
<li>
command ：命令名/命令行</li>
<li>
wchan ：若该进程在睡眠，则显示睡眠中的系统函数名</li>
<li>
flags ：任务标志，参考 sched.h</li>
</ol>
<p>
top命令参数</p>
<ol>
<li>
d 指定每两次屏幕信息刷新之间的时间间隔。当然用户可以使用s交互命令来改变之。</li>
<li>
p 通过指定监控进程id来仅仅监控某个进程的状态。</li>
<li>
q 该选项将使top没有任何延迟的进行刷新。如果调用程序有超级用户权限，那么top将以尽可能高的优先级运行。</li>
<li>
s 指定累计模式</li>
<li>
s 使top命令在安全模式中运行。这将去除交互命令所带来的潜在危险。</li>
<li>
i 使top不显示任何闲置或者僵死进程。</li>
<li>
c 显示整个命令行而不只是显示命令名</li>
</ol>
<p>
常用命令</p>
<ol>
<li>
top   //每隔5秒显式所有进程的资源占用情况</li>
<li>
top -d 2 //每隔2秒显式所有进程的资源占用情况</li>
<li>
top -c //每隔5秒显式进程的资源占用情况，并显示进程的命令行参数(默认只有进程名)</li>
<li>
top -p 12345 -p 6789//每隔5秒显示pid是12345和pid是6789的两个进程的资源占用情况</li>
<li>
top -d 2 -c -p 123456 //每隔2秒显示pid是12345的进程的资源使用情况，并显式该进程启动的命令行参数</li>
</ol>
<p>
<strong>linux系统free命令查看系统内存情况</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># free -h</code>
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<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash spaces">       </code><code class="bash plain">total    used    </code><code class="bash functions">free</code>   <code class="bash plain">shared buff</code><code class="bash plain">/cache</code> <code class="bash plain">available</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">mem:      977m    138m    693m    6.6m    145m    690m</code>
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<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">swap:     2.0g     0b    2.0g</code>
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</td>
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</div>
</div>
<ol>
<li>
mem：系统物理内存</li>
<li>
swap：相当于windows中的虚拟内存，这里叫做交换区，当系统的物理内存不够用时，系统会将磁盘空间虚拟成内存使用。内存不够的情况下，操作系统先把内存中暂时不用的数据，存到硬盘的交换空间，腾出内存来让别的程序运行。</li>
<li>
buff：buff这里我简单说明下，与cache对比，他是在做写操作的时候，把分散的写操作集中进行，减少磁盘i/o，从而提高系统性能。文件是在写操作之前先放入buff。</li>
<li>
cache:在做读操作的时候，把数据放入缓存中，等下次来访问此数据时候，不用读磁盘，直接读缓存即可。</li>
<li>
total：去掉为硬件和操作系统保留的内存后剩余的内存总量。许多人奇怪自己的电脑安装了一共8g的内存，但是显示总共只有七点几g的，现在应该没什么疑惑了把，不管linux还是windows都会有部分内存是保留给硬件和操作系统的！</li>
<li>
used：已分配的内存</li>
<li>
free：未分配内存</li>
<li>
shared：共享内存</li>
<li>
available：可以使用的内存总量</li>
</ol>
<p>
linux系统查看内存信息 </p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># more /proc/meminfo #查看内存信息</code>
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<code class="bash plain">memtotal:    1001332 kb </code>
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<code class="bash plain">memfree:     322740 kb</code>
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<code class="bash plain">memavailable:   597536 kb</code>
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<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">buffers:      1004 kb</code>
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<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">cached:      261816 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">swapcached:      0 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">active:      169740 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">inactive:     167476 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">active(anon):   74780 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">inactive(anon):   6452 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">active(</code><code class="bash functions">file</code><code class="bash plain">):   94960 kb</code>
</div>
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<code class="bash plain">inactive(</code><code class="bash functions">file</code><code class="bash plain">): 161024 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">unevictable:      0 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">mlocked:        0 kb</code>
</div>
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<code class="bash plain">swaptotal:    2097148 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">swapfree:    2097148 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">dirty:         0 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">writeback:       0 kb</code>
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># grep memtotal /proc/meminfo #查看内存信息</code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">memtotal:    1001332 kb</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
<strong>linux系统进程相关</strong></p>
<p>
pstree：树形结构显示系统进程信息</p>
<p>
-p显示进程号</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># pstree -p</code>
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<code class="bash plain">systemd(1)─┬─networkmanager(978)─┬─dhclient(1320)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">      </code><code class="bash plain">│           ├─{networkmanager}(1051)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">      </code><code class="bash plain">│           └─{networkmanager}(1054)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">      </code><code class="bash plain">├─abrt-</code><code class="bash functions">watch</code><code class="bash plain">-log(886)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">      </code><code class="bash plain">├─abrtd(885)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">      </code><code class="bash plain">├─agetty(906)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">      </code><code class="bash plain">├─atd(900)</code>
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<code class="bash spaces">      </code><code class="bash plain">├─auditd(852)───{auditd}(871)</code>
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<p>
ps：用于展示当前系统的进程状态。可以搭配kill指令随时中断、删除不必要的程序。ps命令是最基本同时也是非常强大的进程查看命令，使用该命令可以确定有哪些进程正在运行和运行的状态、进程是否结束、进程有没有僵死、哪些进程占用了过多的资源等等，总之大部分信息都是可以通过执行该命令得到的。 </p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ps -aux</code>
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<code class="bash plain">user    pid %cpu %mem vsz rss </code><code class="bash functions">tty</code>   <code class="bash plain">stat start </code><code class="bash functions">time</code> <code class="bash functions">command</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root     1 0.0 0.7 126420 7172 ?    ss 09:12 0:01 </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/lib/systemd/system</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root     2 0.0 0.0   0   0 ?    s 09:12 0:00 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">root     3 0.0 0.0   0   0 ?    s 09:12 0:00 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">root     6 0.0 0.0   0   0 ?    s 09:12 0:00 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">root     7 0.0 0.0   0   0 ?    s 09:12 0:00 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">root     8 0.0 0.0   0   0 ?    s 09:12 0:00 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">root     9 0.0 0.0   0   0 ?    s 09:12 0:00 </code>
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<ol>
<li>
user：运行次进程的用户名</li>
<li>
pid：该进程的进程号码</li>
<li>
%cpu:该进程使用掉的cpu资源百分比</li>
<li>
%mem：该进程所占用的物理内存百分比</li>
<li>
vsz：该进程使用掉的虚拟内存量（kbytes）</li>
<li>
rss：该进程占用的固定内存量（kbytes）</li>
<li>
tty：该进程是在哪个终端机上运作，若与终端机无关，则显示？，另外，tty-tty6是本机上面的登入者程序，若为pts/0等等的，则表示为由网络连接进主机的程序。</li>
<li>
stat:该程序目前的状态，linux进程有6种基本状态:r:正在运行或运行队列中等待，s：可中断的睡眠状态，可被某些讯号（signal）唤醒。t：暂停状态或跟踪状态，d：不可中断的睡眠状态，z:退出状态，进程成为僵尸进程，x：退出状态，进程即将被销毁。6种状态下又有6种子状态分别为：<:高优先级的，n：低优先级的，l：有内存分页但是带锁，s：包含子进程，l：多线程，+：前台程序（命令正在打开使用的程序，比如vim）</li>
<li>
start:该进程被触发的时间</li>
<li>
time：该进程实际使用cpu运作的时间</li>
<li>
command：该程序的实际指令</li>
</ol>
<p>
恐怖的参数多的如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>
-a：显示所有终端机下执行的程序，除了阶段作业领导者之外。</li>
<li>
a：显示现行终端机下的所有程序，包括其他用户的程序。</li>
<li>
-a：显示所有程序。</li>
<li>
-c：显示cls和pri栏位。</li>
<li>
c：列出程序时，显示每个程序真正的指令名称，而不包含路径，选项或常驻服务的标示。</li>
<li>
-c<指令名称>：指定执行指令的名称，并列出该指令的程序的状况。</li>
<li>
-d：显示所有程序，但不包括阶段作业领导者的程序。</li>
<li>
-e：此选项的效果和指定"a"选项相同。</li>
<li>
e：列出程序时，显示每个程序所使用的环境变量。</li>
<li>
-f：显示uid,ppip,c与stime栏位。</li>
<li>
f：用ascii字符显示树状结构，表达程序间的相互关系。</li>
<li>
-g<群组名称>：此选项的效果和指定"-g"选项相同，当亦能使用阶段作业领导者的名称来指定。</li>
<li>
g：显示现行终端机下的所有程序，包括群组领导者的程序。</li>
<li>
-g<群组识别码>：列出属于该群组的程序的状况，也可使用群组名称来指定。</li>
<li>
h：不显示标题列。</li>
<li>
-h：显示树状结构，表示程序间的相互关系。</li>
<li>
-j或j：采用工作控制的格式显示程序状况。</li>
<li>
-l或l：采用详细的格式来显示程序状况。</li>
<li>
l：列出栏位的相关信息。</li>
<li>
-m或m：显示所有的执行绪。</li>
<li>
n：以数字来表示user和wchan栏位。</li>
<li>
-n：显示所有的程序，除了执行ps指令终端机下的程序之外。</li>
<li>
-p<程序识别码>：指定程序识别码，并列出该程序的状况。</li>
<li>
p<程序识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"-p"选项相同，只在列表格式方面稍有差异。</li>
<li>
r：只列出现行终端机正在执行中的程序。</li>
<li>
-s<阶段作业>：指定阶段作业的程序识别码，并列出隶属该阶段作业的程序的状况。</li>
<li>
s：采用程序信号的格式显示程序状况。</li>
<li>
s：列出程序时，包括已中断的子程序资料。</li>
<li>
-t<终端机编号>：指定终端机编号，并列出属于该终端机的程序的状况。</li>
<li>
t<终端机编号>：此选项的效果和指定"-t"选项相同，只在列表格式方面稍有差异。</li>
<li>
-t：显示现行终端机下的所有程序。</li>
<li>
-u<用户识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"-u"选项相同。</li>
<li>
u：以用户为主的格式来显示程序状况。</li>
<li>
-u<用户识别码>：列出属于该用户的程序的状况，也可使用用户名称来指定。</li>
<li>
u<用户名称>：列出属于该用户的程序的状况。</li>
<li>
v：采用虚拟内存的格式显示程序状况。</li>
<li>
-v或v：显示版本信息。 -w或w：采用宽阔的格式来显示程序状况。　</li>
<li>
x：显示所有程序，不以终端机来区分。</li>
<li>
x：采用旧式的linux i386登陆格式显示程序状况。</li>
<li>
-y：配合选项"-l"使用时，不显示f(flag)栏位，并以rss栏位取代addr栏位　。</li>
<li>
-<程序识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"p"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--cols<每列字符数>：设置每列的最大字符数。</li>
<li>
--columns<每列字符数>：此选项的效果和指定"--cols"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--cumulative：此选项的效果和指定"s"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--deselect：此选项的效果和指定"-n"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--forest：此选项的效果和指定"f"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--headers：重复显示标题列。</li>
<li>
--help：在线帮助。</li>
<li>
--info：显示排错信息。</li>
<li>
--lines<显示列数>：设置显示画面的列数。</li>
<li>
--no-headers：此选项的效果和指定"h"选项相同，只在列表格式方面稍有差异。</li>
<li>
--group<群组名称>：此选项的效果和指定"-g"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--group<群组识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"-g"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--pid<程序识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"-p"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--rows<显示列数>：此选项的效果和指定"--lines"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--sid<阶段作业>：此选项的效果和指定"-s"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--tty<终端机编号>：此选项的效果和指定"-t"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--user<用户名称>：此选项的效果和指定"-u"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--user<用户识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"-u"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--version：此选项的效果和指定"-v"选项相同。</li>
<li>
--widty<每列字符数>：此选项的效果和指定"-cols"选项相同。</li>
</ol>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ps -ef --标准格式显示进程</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ps -aux --bsd格式显示进程</code>
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<p>
以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持。</p>
<p>
原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/knowledgesea/p/6392979.html</p>

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