Ubuntu 18.04 LTS安装KVM虚拟机的方法步骤
<p>本文介绍了ubuntu 18.04 lts安装kvm虚拟机的方法步骤，分享给大家，具体如下：</p>
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<img style="max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;"title="Ubuntu 18.04 LTS安装KVM虚拟机的方法步骤" alt="Ubuntu 18.04 LTS安装KVM虚拟机的方法步骤" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/28f0b70d15b661fe2cd0b62976c4ff66.jpg"></p>
<p>
前一阵使用在最新的ubuntu 18.04上安装了kvm来虚拟一个小的vm集群，将主要过程和其中遇到的一些问题记录下来。</p>
<p>
<strong>准备工作</strong></p>
<p>
首先需要检查一下cpu是否支持虚拟化，执行一下命令来检查/proc/cpuinfo文件中是否又虚拟化相关的字眼，如果有的话表明cpu支持虚拟化技术。</p>
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<code class="plain plain">egrep -c '(svm|vmx)' /proc/cpuinfo</code>
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上面命令执行结果如果返回0，表示cpu不支持虚拟化技术。当然主板bios中的虚拟化技术也可能不是默认开启的，如果没有开启需要手动开启一下。</p>
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<span><strong>安装kvm</strong></span></p>
<p>
执行以下命令安装kvm</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt update</code>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">qemu qemu-kvm libvirt-bin bridge-utils virt-manager</code>
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将libvirtd添加自启动</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">systemctl start libvirtd.service</code>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">systemctl </code><code class="bash functions">enable</code> <code class="bash plain">libvirtd.service</code>
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<strong>网络模式</strong></p>
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kvm安装完成后，首先需要进行网络设定，kvm支持四种网络模式：</p>
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桥接模式</li>
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nat模式</li>
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用户网络模式</li>
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直接分配设备模式</li>
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主要讲一下前两种</p>
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<span><strong>桥接（bridge）模式</strong></span></p>
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在桥接模式下，宿主机和虚拟机共享同一个物理网络设备，虚拟机中的网卡和物理机中的网卡是平行关系，所以虚拟机可以直接接入外部网络，虚拟机和宿主机有平级的ip。</p>
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<img style="max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;"title="Ubuntu 18.04 LTS安装KVM虚拟机的方法步骤" alt="Ubuntu 18.04 LTS安装KVM虚拟机的方法步骤" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/d9ab697dc9b58d812f1835f93fb7163e.jpg"></p>
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原本宿主机是通过网卡eth0连接外部网络的，网桥模式会新创建一个网桥br0，接管eth0来连接外部网络，然后将宿主机和虚拟机的网卡eth0都绑定到网桥上。</p>
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使用桥接模式需要进行以下操作：</p>
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编辑<code>/etc/network/interfaces</code>，增加如下内容</p>
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<code class="plain plain">auto br0</code>
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<code class="plain plain">iface br0 inet dhcp # 网桥使用dhcp模式，从dhcp服务器获取ip</code>
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<code class="plain plain">bridge_ports enp3s0 # 网卡名称，网桥创建前连接外部的网卡，可通过ifconfig命令查看，有ip地址的就是</code>
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<code class="plain plain">bridge_stp on # 避免数据链路出现死循环</code>
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<code class="plain plain">bridge_fd 0 # 将转发延迟设置为0</code>
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接下来需要重启networking服务（如果是通过ssh连接到宿主机上的，这一步会导致网络中断，如果出现问题可能导致连不上宿主机，最好在宿主机上直接操作）</p>
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<code class="plain plain">systemctl restart networking.service</code>
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使用ifconfig命令查看ip是否从enp3s0（网桥创建前的网卡）变到了br0上，如果没有变化则需要重启。如果宿主机ip已经成功变到网桥上，并且宿主机能正常上网而虚拟机获取不到ip，可能是ufw没有允许ip转发导致的，编辑<code>/etc/default/ufw</code>允许ip转发。</p>
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<code class="plain plain">default_forward_policy="accept"</code>
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重启ufw服务让设置生效</p>
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<code class="plain plain">systemctl restart ufw.service</code>
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<span><strong>nat（network address translation）模式</strong></span></p>
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nat模式是kvm默认的网络模式，kvm会创建一个名为virbr0的虚拟网桥，但是宿主机和虚拟机对于网桥来说不是平等的了，网桥会把虚拟机藏在背后，虚拟机会被分配一个内网ip，而从外网访问不到虚拟机。</p>
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<img style="max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;"title="Ubuntu 18.04 LTS安装KVM虚拟机的方法步骤" alt="Ubuntu 18.04 LTS安装KVM虚拟机的方法步骤" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/ac562366161494f06a8550e03becac03.jpg"></p>
<p>
<strong>安装linux虚拟机</strong></p>
<p>
使用如下命令安装安装linux虚拟机</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">virt-</code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">-n ubuntu_3</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">--description </code><code class="bash string">"ubuntu_3"</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">--os-</code><code class="bash functions">type</code><code class="bash plain">=linux --os-variant=ubuntu17.10 --</code><code class="bash functions">ram</code><code class="bash plain">=1024 --vcpus=1 </code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">--disk path=</code><code class="bash plain">/var/lib/libvirt/images/ubuntu_3</code><code class="bash plain">.img,bus=virtio,size=50 </code><code class="bash comments"># 磁盘位置，大小50g</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">--network bridge:br0 </code><code class="bash comments"># 这里网络选择了桥接模式</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">--accelerate</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">--graphics vnc,listen=0.0.0.0,keymap=en-us </code><code class="bash comments"># vnc监听端口，注意要选择en-us作为key-map，否则键位布局可能会乱</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">--cdrom </code><code class="bash plain">/home/zzy/downloads/ubuntu-18</code><code class="bash plain">.04-live-server-amd64.iso </code><code class="bash comments"># 安装iso路径</code>
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<p>
<strong>安装windows 10虚拟机</strong></p>
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安装windows 10虚拟机会出现没有virtio驱动的问题，导致安装程序找不到硬盘，需要先下载virtio驱动。</p>
<p>
https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/windows_virtio_drivers</p>
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创建虚拟机时，将其加入到cd-rom中</p>
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<code class="plain plain">sudo virt-install -n win10</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">--description "win10"</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">--os-type=win --os-variant=win10</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">--ram=4096 --vcpus=2 </code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">--disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/win_10.img,bus=virtio,size=100</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">--network bridge:br0</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">--accelerate</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">--graphics vnc,listen=0.0.0.0,keymap=en-us</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">--cdrom =/home/zzy/downloads/cn_windows_10_consumer_editions_version_1803_updated_march_2018_x64_dvd_12063766.iso</code>
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<code class="plain plain">--cdrom=/home/zzy/downloads/virtio-win.iso</code>
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<strong>使用vnc客户端连接虚拟机</strong></p>
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执行以下命令查看虚拟机的列表</p>
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<code class="plain plain">sudo virus list</code>
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通过上一步查处的虚拟机列表，查看单台机器的vnc端口</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">virsh vncdisplay ubuntu_3 </code><code class="bash comments"># ubuntu_3是虚拟机名称</code>
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知道了vnc端口号，就可以使用vnc客户端连接到虚拟机完成安装了。</p>
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以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持。</p>
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原文链接：https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000015418876</p>
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