Linux中find命令的用法汇总
<p>Linux系统中的 find 命令在查找文件时非常有用而且方便。它可以根据不同的条件来查找文件，例如权限、拥有者、修改日期/时间、文件大小等等。在这篇文章中，我们将学习如何使用 find 命令以及它所提供的选项来查找文件。</p>
<p>
在绝大多数Linux发行版中，你都可以直接使用 find 命令而无需进行任何安装操作。如果你想在linux系统的命令行中变得特别高效，那么 find 是你必须掌握的命令之一。</p>
<p>
find 命令的基本语法如下：</p>
<p>
<span>$ find </span></p>
<p>
<strong>一、基本用法</strong></p>
<p>
<strong>1. 列出当前目录和子目录下的所有文件</strong></p>
<p>
这个命令会列出当前目录以及子目录下的所有文件。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/abc</code><code class="bash plain">.txt</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/subdir</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/subdir/how</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/cool</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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该命令与以下命令效果相同</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -print</code>
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<strong>2. 查找特殊的目录或路径</strong></p>
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下面的命令会查找当前目录下 test 文件夹中的文件，默认列出所有文件。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test/abc</code><code class="bash plain">.txt</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test/subdir</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test/subdir/how</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test/cool</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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下面的命令用于查找指定名称的文件。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test</code> <code class="bash plain">-name </code><code class="bash string">"abc.txt"</code>
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也可以使用通配符</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test</code> <code class="bash plain">-name </code><code class="bash string">"*.php"</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test/subdir/how</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test/cool</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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请注意，所有的文件夹都会被递归地查找。所以，这是用于查找指定扩展名文件的一种非常强大的方式。</p>
<p>
如果我们尝试搜索 / 文件夹，也就是根目录，就会搜索整个文件系统，包括挂载的设备以及网络存储设备。所以请小心使用。当然，你随时可以通过按 Ctrl + C 来终止命令。</p>
<p>
注意：当指定文件夹的时候（例如示例中的"./test"文件夹），忽略末尾的斜杠是没有问题的。但是，如果文件夹是一个指向其它位置的链接（symlink）时，你必须在末尾写上斜杠才能使find命令正常工作（find ./test/）。</p>
<p>
忽略大小写</p>
<p>
在查找文件名时，忽略大小写往往非常有用。要忽略大小写，只需要使用 iname 选项，而不是 name 选项。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test</code> <code class="bash plain">-iname </code><code class="bash string">"*.Php"</code>
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总是用双引号或单引号来包围匹配模式（文件名参数），这非常有用。不这样做的话有时也能正常工作，有时也可能会产生奇怪的结果。</p>
<p>
<strong>3. 限制目录查找的深度</strong></p>
<p>
find 命令默认会递归查找整个目录树，而这非常消耗时间和资源。好在目录查找的深度可以手动指定。例如我们只想查找一到两层以内的子目录，可以通过 maxdepth 选项来指定。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test</code> <code class="bash plain">-maxdepth 2 -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.php"</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test/subdir/how</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test/cool</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test</code> <code class="bash plain">-maxdepth 1 -name *.php</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test/cool</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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第二个示例中指定了 maxdepth 为1，表明最多只查找一层内的子目录，也就是只查找当前文件夹。</p>
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当我们只想在当前目录下查找，而不是查找整个目录树的时候，这个选项会特别有用。</p>
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与 maxdepth 选项相似，还有一个选项叫做 mindepth ，正如名字所表示的那样，它会至少到达第 N 层子目录后才开始查找文件。</p>
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<strong>4. 反向查找</strong></p>
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除了查找满足条件的文件之外，我们还可以查找不满足条件的所有文件。当我们知道要在查找中排除哪些文件时，这个选项就能发挥作用了。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test</code> <code class="bash plain">-not -name </code><code class="bash string">"*.php"</code>
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在上面的示例中我们找到了所有扩展名不是 php 的文件和文件夹。我们也可以使用感叹号 ! 来代替 -not。</p>
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<strong>5. 结合多个查找条件</strong></p>
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我们可以同时使用多个查找条件来指定文件名并排除某些文件。</p>
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上面的命令查找所有以 abc 开头并且不含 .php 扩展名的文件。这个示例展现了 find 命令自带的查找表达式是多么的强大。</p>
<p>
OR 操作符</p>
<p>
当我们使用多个查找条件时， find 命令会将它们通过 AND 操作符结合起来，也就是说，只有满足所有条件的文件才会被列出。不过，如果我们需要进行基于 OR 运算的查找时，可以加上 -o 开关。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">-name </code><code class="bash string">'*.php'</code> <code class="bash plain">-o -name </code><code class="bash string">'*.txt'</code>
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上面的命令查找所有以 .php 结尾或者以 .txt 结尾的文件。</p>
<p>
<strong>6. 只查找文件或目录</strong></p>
<p>
有时我们只想通过某个名字查找对应的文件或对应的目录，我们可以很容易实现这个要求。</p>
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只查找文件</p>
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只查找目录</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test</code> <code class="bash plain">-</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">d -name </code><code class="bash string">"abc*"</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test/abc</code>
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非常有用而且方便！</p>
<p>
<strong>7. 同时在多个目录下查找</strong></p>
<p>
如果你想要在两个不同的目录内进行查找，命令非常简单。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/dir2</code> <code class="bash plain">-</code><code class="bash functions">type</code> <code class="bash plain">f -name </code><code class="bash string">"abc*"</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/test/abc</code><code class="bash plain">.txt</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/dir2/abcdefg</code><code class="bash plain">.txt</code>
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检查一下，它确实列出了来自给定的两个目录的文件。</p>
<p>
<strong>8. 查找隐藏文件</strong></p>
<p>
在Linux系统中，隐藏文件的名字以英文的句号开头，即 . 。所以要列出隐藏文件，只需加上简单的文件名过滤条件就行了。</p>
<p>
<code>$ find ~ -type f -name ".*"</code></p>
<p>
<strong>二、基于文件权限和属性的查找</strong></p>
<p>
<strong>9. 查找指定权限的文件</strong></p>
<p>
通过指定 perm 选项，我们可以查找具有特定权限的文件。下面的示例中查找了所有具有 0664 权限的文件。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/subdir/how</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/abc</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/cool</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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我们可以用这个命令来查找带有错误权限的文件，这些文件可能会产生安全问题。</p>
<p>
可以结合 反向查找 来进行权限检查。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/cool</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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<strong>10. 查找具有 SGID/SUID 属性的文件</strong></p>
<p>
下面的命令查找所有具有 644 权限和 SGID 属性的文件。</p>
<p>
<code># find / -perm 2644</code></p>
<p>
我们同样可以使用 1664 来查找设置了 粘滞位 （sticky bit）的文件。</p>
<p>
<code># find / -perm 1644</code></p>
<p>
perm 选项除了接受数值型参数外，同样接受 chmod 命令中的模式串。在下面的查找中，我们用另一种语法来代替数字。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">/bin/mount</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/bin/ping6</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/bin/fusermount</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/bin/ping</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/bin/umount</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/sbin/mount</code><code class="bash plain">.ecryptfs_private</code>
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注意：由于权限不足，某些目录会拒接访问。命令中的 2>/dev/null 正是用于清除输出中的错误访问结果。</p>
<p>
<strong>11. 查找只读文件</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc</code> <code class="bash plain">-maxdepth 1 -perm </code><code class="bash plain">/u</code><code class="bash plain">=r</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/etc/thunderbird</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/etc/brltty</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/etc/dkms</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/etc/phpmyadmin</code>
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<strong>12. 查找可执行文件</strong></p>
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<strong>三、基于文件拥有者和用户组的查找</strong></p>
<p>
13. 查找属于特定用户的文件</p>
<p>
查找当前目录下，属于 bob 的文件。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">find</code> <code class="bash plain">. -user bob</code>
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在指定所属用户的同时，我们同样可以指定文件名。</p>
<p>
<code>$ find . -user bob -name '*.php'</code></p>
<p>
很容易看出，我们可以通过增加过滤条件来缩小查找文件的范围。</p>
<p>
<strong>14. 查找属于特定用户组的文件</strong></p>
<p>
<code># find /var/www -group developer</code></p>
<p>
<strong>四、基于日期和时间的查找</strong></p>
<p>
除了上面介绍的查找条件外，另外一个非常棒的查找条件就是文件的修改和访问时间（日期）。当我们想要找出哪些文件在某段时间内被修改的时候，这个查找条件将会非常方便。我们来看几个例子。</p>
<p>
<strong>15. 查找过去的第 N 天被修改过的文件</strong></p>
<p>
<code># find / -mtime 50</code></p>
<p>
<strong>16. 查找过去的 N 天内被访问过的文件</strong></p>
<p>
<code># find / -atime -50</code></p>
<p>
<strong>17. 查找某段时间范围内被修改过内容的文件</strong></p>
<p>
<code># find / -mtime +50 -mtime -100</code></p>
<p>
<strong>18. 查找过去的 N 分钟内状态发生改变的文件</strong></p>
<p>
<code>$ find /home/bob -cmin -60</code></p>
<p>
<strong>19. 查找过去的 1 小时内被修改过内容的文件</strong></p>
<p>
<code># find / -mmin -60</code></p>
<p>
<strong>20. 查找过去的 1 小时内被访问过的文件</strong></p>
<p>
<code># find / -amin -60</code></p>
<p>
<strong>五、基于文件大小的查找</strong></p>
<p>
<strong>21. 查找指定大小的文件</strong></p>
<p>
<code>$ find / -size 50M</code></p>
<p>
<strong>22. 查找大小在一定范围内的文件</strong></p>
<p>
<code>$ find / -size +50M -size -100M</code></p>
<p>
<strong>23. 查找最大和最小的文件</strong></p>
<p>
我们可以将 find 命令与 ls 和 sort命令结合，从而找出最大或最小的文件。</p>
<p>
下面的命令使用了 sort 命令的 -r 选项，也就是从大到小降序排列。经过 head 命令的过滤之后，会显示当前目录和子目录下最大的5个文件。命令的执行过程需要一段时间，查找的速度取决于文件的总数。</p>
<p>
<code>$ find . -type f -exec ls -s {} \; | sort -n -r | head 5</code></p>
<p>
同样，我们可以去掉 sort 命令的 -r 选项来进行升序排列，从而显示出最小的5个文件。</p>
<p>
<code>$ find . -type f -exec ls -s {} \; | sort -n | head 5</code></p>
<p>
<strong>24. 查找空文件和空目录</strong></p>
<p>
查找空文件：</p>
<p>
<code># find /tmp -type f -empty</code></p>
<p>
查找空目录：</p>
<p>
<code>$ find ~/ -type d -empty</code></p>
<p>
非常简单！</p>
<p>
<strong>六、高级操作</strong></p>
<p>
find 命令不仅可以通过特定条件来查找文件，还可以对查找到的文件使用任意linux命令进行操作。下面给出两个例子。</p>
<p>
<strong>25. 使用 ls 命令列出文件信息</strong></p>
<p>
我们使用 find 命令找到文件后，只能看到文件路径。如果想进一步查看文件信息，可以结合 ls 命令来实现。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxrwxr-x 4 enlightened enlightened 4096 Aug 11 19:01 . </code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-rw-r-- 1 enlightened enlightened 0 Aug 11 16:25 .</code><code class="bash plain">/abc</code><code class="bash plain">.txt</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxrwxr-x 2 enlightened enlightened 4096 Aug 11 16:48 .</code><code class="bash plain">/abc</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxrwxr-x 2 enlightened enlightened 4096 Aug 11 16:26 .</code><code class="bash plain">/subdir</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-rw-r-- 1 enlightened enlightened 0 Aug 11 16:26 .</code><code class="bash plain">/subdir/how</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-rw-r-- 1 enlightened enlightened 29 Aug 11 19:13 .</code><code class="bash plain">/abc</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-rw-r-- 1 enlightened enlightened 0 Aug 11 16:25 .</code><code class="bash plain">/cool</code><code class="bash plain">.php</code>
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<strong>26. 删除找到的文件</strong></p>
<p>
下面的命令会删除 tmp 目录下扩展名为 .txt 的文件。</p>
<p>
<code>$ find /tmp -type f -name "*.txt" -exec rm -f {} \;</code></p>
<p>
我们同样可以删除目录，只要把 -type 后面的 f 改为 d ，并且在 rm 命令后面加上 -r 即可。</p>
<p>
<code>$ find /tmp -type d -name "dirToRemove" -exec rm -r -f {} \;</code></p>
<p>
本文由 Wray 翻译，略有删改。考虑到原文有个别错误，以及为便于读者理解，故采用意译的方式。不足之处请大家指出，谢谢。</p>
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