Shell 数组与关联数组详解及实例代码
<p><strong>Shell 数组与关联数组</strong></p>
<p>
1.数组</p>
<p>
1.1. 数组定义</p>
<p>
一对圆括号表示数组，数组元素之间用空格符号分割</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ a=(1 2 3)</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">$a</code>
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<code class="bash plain">1</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ a=(</code><code class="bash string">"yoona"</code> <code class="bash string">"lucy"</code> <code class="bash string">"tom"</code><code class="bash plain">)</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">$a</code>
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<code class="bash plain">yoona</code>
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1.2. 数组长度，元素，赋值与删除</p>
<p>
长度：用${#数组名[@或*]} 可以得到数组长度</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${</code><code class="bash comments">#a[@]}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">3</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${</code><code class="bash comments">#a[*]}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">3</code>
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获取元素：用${数组名[下标]} 得到数组元素（下标从0开始）， 下标为*或者@得到整个数组内容</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ array=(</code><code class="bash string">"yoona"</code> <code class="bash string">"lucy"</code> <code class="bash string">"tom"</code><code class="bash plain">)</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">yoona</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">lucy</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array[*]}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">yoona lucy tom</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array[@]}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">yoona lucy tom</code>
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<p>
赋值：通过数组名[下标]可以对其进行引用赋值，如果下标不存在，自动添加新一个数组元素</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ array=(</code><code class="bash string">"yoona"</code> <code class="bash string">"lucy"</code> <code class="bash string">"tom"</code><code class="bash plain">)</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">tom</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ array=lily</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">lily</code>
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删除：通过unset数组[下标]可以清除相应的元素，不带下标则清除全部数据</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ array=(</code><code class="bash string">"yoona"</code> <code class="bash string">"lucy"</code> <code class="bash string">"tom"</code><code class="bash plain">)</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">unset</code> <code class="bash plain">array</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array[*]}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">yoona tom</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">unset</code> <code class="bash plain">array</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array[*]}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code>
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<p>
1.3. 获取某范围的元素</p>
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直接通过 ${数组名[@或*]:起始位置:长度} 获取数组给定范围内元素，返回字符串，中间用空格分开</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ array=(yoona lucy tom)</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array[*]}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">yoona lucy tom</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array[*]:1:2}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">lucy tom</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array[@]:0:1}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">yoona</code>
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<p>
1.4. 替换</p>
<p>
${数组名[@或*]/查找字符/替换字符} 该操作不会改变原先数组内容，如果需要修改，可以看上面例子</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ array=(yoona lucy tom)</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array[@]</code><code class="bash plain">/lucy/lily</code><code class="bash plain">}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">yoona lily tom</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${array[@]}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">yoona lucy tom</code>
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<p>
<strong>2. 关联数组</strong></p>
<p>
Bash支持关联数组，它可以使用字符串作为数组索引，有时候采用字符串索引更容易理解。</p>
<p>
2.1 定义关联数组</p>
<p>
首先需要使用声明语句将一个变量声明为关联数组。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">declare</code> <code class="bash plain">-A assArray</code>
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声明之后，可以有两种方法将元素添加到关联数组中。</p>
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（1）利用内嵌索引-值列表的方法</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ assArray=(=beijing =shanghai)</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${assArray}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">beijing</code>
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（2）使用独立的索引-值进行赋值</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ assArray=shandong</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ assArray=xian</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${assArray}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xian</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${assArray}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">shandong</code>
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<p>
2.2 列出数组索引</p>
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每一个数组都有一个索引用于查找。使用${!数组名[@或者*]}获取数组的索引列表</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${!assArray[*]}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">lily yoona sunny lucy</code>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~$ </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${!assArray[@]}</code>
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<code class="bash plain">lily yoona sunny lucy</code>
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<p>
2.3 获取所有键值对</p>
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<code class="bash preprocessor bold">#! /bin/bash</code>
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<code class="bash functions">declare</code> <code class="bash plain">-A cityArray</code>
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<code class="bash plain">cityArray=(=beijing =shanghai =shandong)</code>
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<code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">key </code><code class="bash keyword">in</code> <code class="bash plain">${!cityArray[*]}</code>
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<code class="bash keyword">do</code>
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<code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash string">"${key} come from ${cityArray[$key]}"</code>
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<code class="bash keyword">done</code>
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结果：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">xiaosi@Qunar:~</code><code class="bash plain">/company/sh</code><code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">bash</code> <code class="bash plain">array.sh </code>
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<code class="bash plain">lily come from shandong</code>
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<code class="bash plain">yoona come from beijing</code>
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<code class="bash plain">lucy come from shanghai</code>
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