CentOS 部署 flask项目的方法
<p>最近在学习 python，使用 flask 实现了个个人博客程序，完了想部署到服务器上。因为是新手，一路磕磕绊绊最终把它基本搞定。网上资料对新手感觉都不太友好，都是零零碎碎的，所以我整理了一下，一方面作为我自己的记录，方便以后查阅，另一方面也希望能帮助到跟我一样的新手。</p>
<p>
<strong>前提</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
有一个服务器（不然搞毛），购买可以参考优质国外vps推荐</li>
<li>
有个人域名（当然，你可以直接使用 ip访问，但有点奇怪不是？购买域名可以去godaddy</li>
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<p>
<strong>1.安装git</strong></p>
<p>
可以选择 github 或者bitbucket，当然你也可以自己搭建 git服务器，但我觉得没啥必要，我选择bitbucket，主要是因为它私有库免费</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">yum </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">git</code>
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后续就跟我们本地开发没什么区别了，配置 ssh key，clone代码，就不展开了，项目目录建议放在 /home/www/ 下</p>
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<strong>2. 安装 mysql</strong></p>
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添加 mysql yum 源</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$wget </code><code class="bash string">'https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm'</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$</code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">rpm -uvh mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$yum repolist all | </code><code class="bash functions">grep</code> <code class="bash plain">mysql</code>
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<code class="bash plain">mysql-connectors-community</code><code class="bash plain">/x86_64</code> <code class="bash plain">mysql connectors community 36</code>
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<code class="bash plain">mysql-tools-community</code><code class="bash plain">/x86_64</code> <code class="bash plain">mysql tools community 47</code>
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<code class="bash plain">mysql57-community</code><code class="bash plain">/x86_64</code> <code class="bash plain">mysql 5.7 community server 187</code>
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安装最新版本</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$</code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">yum </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">mysql-community-server</code>
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启动 mysql 服务</p>
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<code class="plain plain">$sudo service mysqld start </code>
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<code class="plain plain">$sudo systemctl start mysqld #centos 7</code>
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<code class="plain plain">$sudo systemctl status mysqld</code>
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<code class="plain plain">● mysqld.service - mysql community server</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">active: active (running) since sat 2017-05-27 12:56:26 cst; 15s ago</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">process: 2482 execstartpost=/usr/bin/mysql-systemd-start post (code=exited, status=0/success)</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">process: 2421 execstartpre=/usr/bin/mysql-systemd-start pre (code=exited, status=0/success)</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">main pid: 2481 (mysqld_safe)</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">cgroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">├─2481 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --basedir=/usr</code>
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<code class="plain spaces"> </code><code class="plain plain">└─2647 /usr/sbin/mysqld --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/...</code>
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说明已经正在运行中了</p>
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<strong>修改密码</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ mysql -uroot -p</code>
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这里有要求你输入密码，mysql安装时会生成一个默认密码，使用 grep "temporary password" /var/log/mysqld.log 命令，返回结果最后引号后面的字符串就是root的默认密码</p>
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<code class="sql plain">mysql> </code><code class="sql keyword">alter</code> <code class="sql color2">user</code> <code class="sql string">'root'</code><code class="sql plain">@</code><code class="sql string">'localhost'</code> <code class="sql plain">identified </code><code class="sql keyword">by</code> <code class="sql string">'newpassword'</code><code class="sql plain">;</code>
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<strong>修改编码</strong></p>
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在 /etc/my.cnf 中设置默认的编码</p>
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<code class="plain plain"></code>
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<code class="plain plain">default-character-set = utf8</code>
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<code class="plain plain"></code>
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<code class="plain plain">default-storage-engine = innodb</code>
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<code class="plain plain">character-set-server = utf8</code>
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<code class="plain plain">collation-server = utf8_general_ci #不区分大小写</code>
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<code class="plain plain">collation-server = utf8_bin #区分大小写</code>
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<code class="plain plain">collation-server = utf8_unicode_ci #比 utf8_general_ci 更准确</code>
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创建数据库</p>
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<code class="sql plain">mysql> </code><code class="sql keyword">create</code> <code class="sql keyword">database</code> <code class="sql plain"><datebasename> </code><code class="sql keyword">character</code> <code class="sql keyword">set</code> <code class="sql plain">utf8;</code>
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<p>
<strong>3. 安装python3 pip3</strong></p>
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centos 7 默认安装了 python 2，当需要使用 python 3 的时候，可以手动下载 python 源码后编译安装。</p>
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安装 python 3</p>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">mkdir</code> <code class="bash plain">/usr/local/python3</code> <code class="bash comments"># 创建安装目录</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ wget --no-check-certificate https:</code><code class="bash plain">//www</code><code class="bash plain">.python.org</code><code class="bash plain">/ftp/python/3</code><code class="bash plain">.6.2</code><code class="bash plain">/python-3</code><code class="bash plain">.6.2.tgz </code><code class="bash comments"># 下载 python 源文件 </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 注意：wget获取https的时候要加上：--no-check-certifica</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">tar</code> <code class="bash plain">-xzvf python-3.6.2.tgz </code><code class="bash comments"># 解压缩包</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">cd</code> <code class="bash plain">python-3.6.2 </code><code class="bash comments"># 进入解压目录</code>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/configure</code> <code class="bash plain">--prefix=</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/local/python3</code> <code class="bash comments"># 指定创建的目录</code>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">make</code>
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<code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">make</code> <code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash comments"># 编译安装</code>
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执行./configure时可能会报错，configure: error: no acceptable c compiler found in $path，这是因为未安装合适的编译器，安装下就好了，</p>
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sudo yum install gcc-c++ (使用sudo yum install gcc-c++时会自动安装/升级gcc及其他依赖的包。)</p>
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<strong>配置两个版本共存</strong></p>
<p>
创建 python3 的软链接：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">ln</code> <code class="bash plain">-s </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/local/python3/bin/python3</code> <code class="bash plain">/usr/bin/python3</code>
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这样就可以通过 python 命令使用 python 2， python3 来使用 python 3。</p>
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<strong>安装 pip</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">yum -y </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">epel-release </code><code class="bash comments"># 首先安装 epel 扩展源</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">yum -y </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">python-pip </code><code class="bash comments"># 安装 python-pip</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">yum clean all </code><code class="bash comments"># 清除 cache</code>
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<p>
通过这种方式貌似只能安装 pip2，想要安装 python 3 的 pip，可以通过以下的源代码安装方式。</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># 下载源代码</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ wget --no-check-certificate https:</code><code class="bash plain">//github</code><code class="bash plain">.com</code><code class="bash plain">/pypa/pip/archive/9</code><code class="bash plain">.0.1.</code><code class="bash functions">tar</code><code class="bash plain">.gz</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">tar</code> <code class="bash plain">-zvxf 9.0.1.</code><code class="bash functions">tar</code><code class="bash plain">.gz </code><code class="bash comments"># 解压文件</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">cd</code> <code class="bash plain">pip-9.0.1</code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ python3 setup.py </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash comments"># 使用 python 3 安装</code>
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<p>
创建链接：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">ln</code> <code class="bash plain">-s </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/local/python3/bin/pip</code> <code class="bash plain">/usr/bin/pip3</code>
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升级 pip</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ pip </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">--upgrade pip</code>
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<p>
<strong>4. 安装 gunicorn</strong></p>
<p>
gunicorn (独角兽)是一个高效的python wsgi server,通常用它来运行 wsgi application(由我们自己编写遵循wsgi application的编写规范) 或者 wsgi framework(如django,paster),地位相当于java中的tomcat。 wsgi就是这样的一个协议：它是一个python程序和用户请求之间的接口。wsgi服务器的作用就是接受并分析用户的请求，调用相应的python对象完成对请求的处理，然后返回相应的结果。 简单来说gunicorn封装了http的底层实现，我们通过gunicorn启动服务，用户请求与服务相应都经过gunicorn传输</p>
<p>
创建虚拟环境</p>
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<code class="bash functions">cd</code> <code class="bash plain">/home/www/blog</code>
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激活虚拟环境：</p>
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然后根据 requirements.txt 文件安装依赖包：</p>
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<strong>安装gunicorn</strong></p>
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在项目根目录创建一个wsgi.py文件</p>
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不再通过manage.py启动服务，那只在开发的时候使用</p>
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启动服务：</p>
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<strong>5. 安装 nginx</strong></p>
<p>
nginx 是一个高性能的web服务器。通常用来在前端做反向代理服务器。所谓正向与反向（reverse），只是英文说法翻译。代理服务，简而言之，一个请求经过代理服务器从局域网发出，然后到达互联网上服务器，这个过程的代理为正向代理。如果一个请求，从互联网过来，先进入代理服务器，再由代理服务器转发给局域网的目标服务器，这个时候，代理服务器为反向代理（相对正向而言）。</p>
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正向代理：{ 客户端 ---》 代理服务器 } ---》 服务器</p>
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反向代理：客户端 ---》 { 代理服务器 ---》 服务器 }</p>
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{} 表示局域网</p>
<p>
nginx既可以做正向，也可以做反向。</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ yum -y </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">nginx</code>
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启动 nginx 服务</p>
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停止 nginx 服务</p>
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重启 nginx 服务</p>
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平滑重启</p>
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nginx配置改动了，可以重新加载而不用先关闭再打开</p>
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启动后 ，在浏览器中 输入服务器的 ip 地址，就可以看到</p>
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<img style="max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;"title="CentOS 部署 flask项目的方法" alt="CentOS 部署 flask项目的方法" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/58a1a4de3ea1c275cd9f506399ad40bc.jpg"></p>
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到这里 yum 安装 nginx 就完成了</p>
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添加配置</p>
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nginx的配置文件为： /etc/nginx/nginx.conf</p>
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监听http默认的端口号80</li>
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server_name：个人网站域名</li>
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把请求代理到本机的8000端口（gunicorn启动服务指定的端口） 剩下proxy_set_header照抄</li>
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gunicorn和nginx关系：</p>
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gunicorn 可以单独提供服务，但生产环境一般不这样做。首先静态资源（jscssimg）会占用不少的请求资源，而对于 gunicorn 来讲它本身更应该关注实际业务的请求与处理而不应该把资源浪费在静态资源请求上；此外，单独运行 gunicorn 是没有办法起多个进程多个端口来负载均衡的。</p>
<p>
nginx 的作用就是弥补以上问题，首先作为前端服务器它可以处理一切静态文件请求，此时 gunicorn 作为后端服务器，nginx 将会把动态请求转发给后端服务器，因此我们可以起多个 gunicorn 进程，然后让 nginx 作均衡负载转发请求给多个 gunicorn 进程从而提升服务器处理效率与处理能力。最后，nginx 还可以配置很多安全相关、认证相关等很多处理，可以让你的网站更专注业务的编写，把一些转发规则等其它业务无关的事情交给 nginx 做。<br>
配置好后打开本地浏览器，输入域名，应该就能访问了。</p>
<p>
<strong>6.supervisor</strong></p>
<p>
如果你需要进程一直执行，若该进程因各种原因中断，也会自动重启的话，supervisor是一个很好的选择。 supervisor管理进程，是通过fork/exec的方式将这些被管理的进程当作supervisor的子进程来启动，所以我们只需要将要管理进程的可执行文件的路径添加到supervisor的配置文件中就好了。此时被管理进程被视为supervisor的子进程，若该子进程异常终端，则父进程可以准确的获取子进程异常终端的信息，通过在配置文件中设置autostart=true，可以实现对异常中断的子进程的自动重启。</p>
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安装 supervisor</p>
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<code class="plain plain">$ echo_supervisord_conf > supervisor.conf # 生成 supervisor 默认配置文件</code>
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<code class="plain plain">$ vim supervisor.conf # 修改 supervisor 配置文件，添加 gunicorn 进程管理</code>
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在blog supervisor.conf 配置文件底部添加 (注意我的工作路径是 www/home/blog/ )</p>
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<code class="plain plain">directory=/home/www/blog ; 项目的文件夹路径</code>
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<code class="plain plain">startsecs=0 ; 启动时间</code>
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<code class="plain plain">stopwaitsecs=0 ; 终止等待时间</code>
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<code class="plain plain">autorestart=false ; 是否自动重启</code>
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<code class="plain plain">stdout_logfile=/home/www/blog/logs/gunicorn.log ; log 日志</code>
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<code class="plain plain">stderr_logfile=/home/www/blog/logs/gunicorn.err ; 错误日志</code>
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使用 supervsior 启动 gunicorn</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">supervisorctl start blog</code>
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在浏览器地址栏输入配置的地址即可访问网站。</p>
<p>
<strong>7. fabric</strong></p>
<p>
最后一步，我们使用fabric实现远程操作和部署。fabric 是一个 python 下类似于 makefiles 的工具，但是能够在远程服务器上执行命令。</p>
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安装 fabric</p>
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<p>
在 blog 目录下新建一个fabfile.py文件</p>
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<code class="py keyword">import</code> <code class="py plain">os</code>
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<code class="py keyword">from</code> <code class="py plain">fabric.api </code><code class="py keyword">import</code> <code class="py plain">local, env, run, cd, sudo, prefix, settings, execute, task, put</code>
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<code class="py keyword">from</code> <code class="py plain">fabric.contrib.files </code><code class="py keyword">import</code> <code class="py plain">exists</code>
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<code class="py keyword">from</code> <code class="py plain">contextlib </code><code class="py keyword">import</code> <code class="py plain">contextmanager</code>
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<code class="py plain">env.hosts </code><code class="py keyword">=</code> <code class="py plain">[</code><code class="py string">'204.152.201.69'</code><code class="py plain">]</code>
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<code class="py plain">env.user </code><code class="py keyword">=</code> <code class="py string">'root'</code>
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<code class="py plain">env.password </code><code class="py keyword">=</code> <code class="py string">'****'</code><code class="py comments">#密码</code>
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<code class="py plain">env.group </code><code class="py keyword">=</code> <code class="py string">"root"</code>
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<code class="py plain">deploy_dir </code><code class="py keyword">=</code> <code class="py string">'/home/www/blog'</code>
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<code class="py plain">venv_dir </code><code class="py keyword">=</code> <code class="py plain">os.path.join(deploy_dir, </code><code class="py string">'venv'</code><code class="py plain">)</code>
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<code class="py plain">venv_path </code><code class="py keyword">=</code> <code class="py plain">os.path.join(venv_dir, </code><code class="py string">'bin/activate'</code><code class="py plain">)</code>
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<code class="py decorator">@contextmanager</code>
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<code class="py keyword">def</code> <code class="py plain">source_virtualenv():</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">with prefix(</code><code class="py string">"source {}"</code><code class="py plain">.</code><code class="py functions">format</code><code class="py plain">(venv_path)):</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py keyword">yield</code>
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<code class="py keyword">def</code> <code class="py plain">update():</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">with cd(</code><code class="py string">'/home/www/blog/'</code><code class="py plain">):</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">sudo(</code><code class="py string">'git pull'</code><code class="py plain">)</code>
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<code class="py keyword">def</code> <code class="py plain">restart():</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">with cd(deploy_dir):</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py keyword">if</code> <code class="py keyword">not</code> <code class="py plain">exists(venv_dir):</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">run(</code><code class="py string">"virtualenv {}"</code><code class="py plain">.</code><code class="py functions">format</code><code class="py plain">(venv_dir))</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">with settings(warn_only</code><code class="py keyword">=</code><code class="py plain">true):</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">with source_virtualenv():</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">run(</code><code class="py string">"pip install -r {}/requirements.txt"</code><code class="py plain">.</code><code class="py functions">format</code><code class="py plain">(deploy_dir))</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">with settings(warn_only</code><code class="py keyword">=</code><code class="py plain">true):</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">stop_result </code><code class="py keyword">=</code> <code class="py plain">sudo(</code><code class="py string">"supervisorctl -c {}/supervisor.conf stop all"</code><code class="py plain">.</code><code class="py functions">format</code><code class="py plain">(deploy_dir))</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py keyword">if</code> <code class="py keyword">not</code> <code class="py plain">stop_result.failed:</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">kill_result </code><code class="py keyword">=</code> <code class="py plain">sudo(</code><code class="py string">"pkill supervisor"</code><code class="py plain">)</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py keyword">if</code> <code class="py keyword">not</code> <code class="py plain">kill_result:</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">sudo(</code><code class="py string">"supervisord -c {}/supervisor.conf"</code><code class="py plain">.</code><code class="py functions">format</code><code class="py plain">(deploy_dir))</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">sudo(</code><code class="py string">"supervisorctl -c {}/supervisor.conf reload"</code><code class="py plain">.</code><code class="py functions">format</code><code class="py plain">(deploy_dir))</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">sudo(</code><code class="py string">"supervisorctl -c {}/supervisor.conf status"</code><code class="py plain">.</code><code class="py functions">format</code><code class="py plain">(deploy_dir))</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">sudo(</code><code class="py string">"supervisorctl -c {}/supervisor.conf start all"</code><code class="py plain">.</code><code class="py functions">format</code><code class="py plain">(deploy_dir))</code>
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<code class="py decorator">@task</code>
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<code class="py keyword">def</code> <code class="py plain">deploy():</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">execute(update)</code>
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<code class="py spaces"> </code><code class="py plain">execute(restart)</code>
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<p>
现在代码如果更新了，可以直接在本地执行远程部署了</p>
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<code class="plain plain">fab deploy</code>
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<p>
以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持服务器之家。</p>
<p>
原文链接：http://blog.adisonhyh.com/article/2/</p>
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