Linux搭建python环境详解

金海尽干 發表於 2024-3-11 00:00:00

<p>
<span><strong>一、下载文件</strong></span></p>
<p>
python官网：https://www.python.org/downloads/　　　　</p>
<p>
版本：python-2.7.3 </p>
<p>
setuptools官网：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools#downloads　　</p>
<p>
版本：setuptools-0.6c11</p>
<p>
pip官网：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip#downloads</p>
<p>
版本：pip-1.5.6.tar.gz</p>
<p>
pymongo官网：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pymongo#downloads</p>
<p>
版本：pymongo-2.7.2.tar.gz</p>
<p>
xlrd官网：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/xlrd</p>
<p>
版本：xlrd-0.9.3.tar.gz</p>
<p>
xlwt官网：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/xlwt</p>
<p>
版本：xlwt-0.7.5.tar.gz</p>
<p>
xlutils官网：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/xlutils</p>
<p>
版本：xlutils-1.7.1.tar.gz</p>
<p>
cx_Oracle官网：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cx_Oracle/5.1.3</p>
<p>
版本：cx_Oracle-5.1.3.tar.gz</p>
<p>
<span><strong>二、安装Python2.7.3</strong></span></p>
<p>
<strong>1、查看系统自带的python版本</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># python -V</code>
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Python 2.6.6 </p>
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<strong>2、解压安装python</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments">#cd /usr</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># mkdir -p python</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd python/</code>
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将下载的文件Python-2.7.3.tgz上传至python文件夹内</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments">#tar -zvxf Python-2.7.3.tgz</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd Python-2.7.3</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python2.7.3</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># make</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># make install</code>
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<strong>3、安装成功后目录</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ll /usr/local/python2.7.3/</code>
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总计 16</p>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 03-21 10:12 bin</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 03-21 10:07 include</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 03-21 10:07 lib</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 03-21 10:07 share</code>
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<strong>4、建立软件链接</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ln -s /usr/local/Python-2.7.3/bin/python /usr/bin/python2.7.3</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># python2.7.3</code>
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<code class="bash plain">Python 2.7.3 (default, Mar 21 2013, 10:06:48)</code>
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<code class="bash plain"> on linux2</code>
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注意：</p>
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如果执行操作#ln -s /usr/python/Python-2.7.3/bin/python /usr/bin/python<br>
修改老版本的ln指向后，可能会影响yum的使用，yum兼容Python2.6版本。</p>
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操作到这里，python就安装成功了.</p>
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<span><strong>三、安装python-devel</strong></span></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># yum install python-devel</code>
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Installed:</p>
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python-devel.x86_64 0:2.6.6-52.el6</p>
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Dependency Updated:</p>
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python.x86_64 0:2.6.6-52.el6 python-</p>
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libs.x86_64 0:2.6.6-52.el6</p>
<p>
Complete!</p>
<p>
注意：由于python-devel问题，建议python使用默认的版本2.6.6。上面只是介绍如何安装python。</p>
<p>
<span><strong>四、安装setuptools</strong></span></p>
<p>
注意：安装成功python之后，才能安装setuptools</p>
<p>
<strong>1、将下载的文件上传setuptools-0.6c11.tar.gz至python文件夹内</strong></p>
<p>
<strong>2、解压安装setuptools-0.6c11</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar -zxvf setuptools-0.6c11.tar.gz</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd setuptools-0.6c11</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># Python-2.7.3 setup.py install</code>
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返回如下表示安装成功：</p>
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Installed /usr/python/Python-2.7.3/lib/python2.7/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.7.egg</p>
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Processing dependencies for setuptools==0.6c11</p>
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Finished processing dependencies for setuptools==0.6c11</p>
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<strong>3、建立软链接</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments">#ln -s /usr/python/Python-2.7.3/bin/easy_install /usr/bin/easy_install-2.7.3</code>
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<strong>4、测试</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments">#easy_install2.7.3 numpy</code>
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<span><strong>五、安装pip</strong></span></p>
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<strong>1、将下载的文件上传pip-1.5.6.tar.gz至python文件夹内</strong></p>
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<strong>2、解压安装pip-1.5.6</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd pip-1.5.6</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># Python-2.7.3 setup.py install</code>
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返回如下表示安装成功：</p>
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Installed /usr/python/Python-2.7.3/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg</p>
<p>
Processing dependencies for pip==1.5.6</p>
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Finished processing dependencies for pip==1.5.6</p>
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<strong>3、建立软链接</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments">#ln -s /usr/python/Python-2.7.3/bin/pip /usr/bin/pip-2.7.3</code>
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<strong>4、测试</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments">#pip-2.7.3 install nose</code>
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<span><strong>五、安装pymongo</strong></span></p>
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python操作mongo时，需要安装此插件</p>
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<strong>第一种方法：</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># pip-2.7.3 install pymongo</code>
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<strong>第二种方法：</strong></p>
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1、下载文件pymongo-2.7.2.tar.gz并上传至python</p>
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2、解压安装</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments">#tar -zxvf pymongo-2.7.2.tar.gz</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd pymongo-2.7.2</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># Python-2.7.3 setup.py install</code>
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返回如下表示安装成功：</p>
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Installed /usr/python/Python-2.7.3/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pymongo-2.7.2-py2.7-linux- x86_64.egg</p>
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Processing dependencies for pymongo==2.7.2</p>
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Finished processing dependencies for pymongo==2.7.2 </p>
<p>
<span><strong>六、安装xlrd、xlwt、xlutils</strong></span></p>
<p>
xlrd：是python从excel读数据的第三方控件；</p>
<p>
xlwt：是python从excel写数据的第三方控件；</p>
<p>
xlutils：是python使用xlrd、xlwt的工具箱。若安装不成功，可能原因是需要安装setuptools。</p>
<p>
<strong>第一种方法：</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># pip-2.7.3 install xlrd</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># pip-2.7.3 install xlwt</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># pip-2.7.3 install xlutils</code>
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<strong>第二种方法：</strong></p>
<p>
1、下载文件xlrd-0.9.3.tar.gz，xlwt-0.7.5.tar.gz，xlutils-1.7.1.tar.gz并上传至python</p>
<p>
2、解压安装xlrd</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar -zxvf xlrd-0.9.3.tar.gz </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd xlrd-0.9.3</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># Python-2.7.3 setup.py install</code>
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3、解压安装xlwt</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd xlwt-0.7.5</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># Python-2.7.3 setup.py install</code>
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4、解压安装xlutils</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd xlutils-1.7.1</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># Python-2.7.3 setup.py install</code>
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<p>
<span><strong>七、安装cx_Oracle</strong></span></p>
<p>
python操作oracle时，需要安装此插件。安装完oracle客户端之后才能安装cx_Oracle.</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># pip-2.7.3 install cx_Oracle</code>
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<p>
Downloading/unpacking cx-Oracle</p>
<p>
Downloading cx_Oracle-5.1.3.tar.gz (104kB): 104kB downloaded</p>
<p>
Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip_build_root/cx-Oracle/setup.py) egg_info for package cx-Oracle</p>
<p>
Installing collected packages: cx-Oracle</p>
<p>
Running setup.py install for cx-Oracle</p>
<p>
building 'cx_Oracle' extension</p>
<p>
gcc -pthread -fno-strict-aliasing -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m64 -mtune=generic -D_GNU_SOURCE -fPIC -fwrapv -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m64 -mtune=generic -D_GNU_SOURCE -fPIC -fwrapv -fPIC -I/opt/oracle/instantclient_11_2/sdk/include -I/usr/include/python2.6 -c cx_Oracle.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.6-11g/cx_Oracle.o -DBUILD_VERSION=5.1.3</p>
<p>
gcc -pthread -shared build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.6-11g/cx_Oracle.o -L/opt/oracle/instantclient_11_2/ -L/usr/lib64 -lclntsh -lpython2.6 -o build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.6-11g/cx_Oracle.so</p>
<p>
Successfully installed cx-Oracle</p>
<p>
Cleaning up...</p>
<p>
安装成功后建立软链接</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ln -s libclntsh.so.11.1 libclntsh.so</code>
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（以上安装成功后的包在/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages）</p>
<p>
<span><strong> 八、安装过程中遇到的问题</strong></span></p>
<p>
1、在安装了Python2.7.3之后，执行</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments">#mv /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/python2.6.6 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments">#ln -s /usr/python/Python-2.7.3/bin/python /usr/bin/python</code>
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再使用yum时，报错：It's possible that the above module doesn't match the current version of Python</p>
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分析原因：CentOS 6.4系统默认Python版本是2.6.6，需要升级到Python 2.7.3,由于yum包管理是用python写的,仅仅单独升级python会导致yum无法使用.</p>
<p>
出现这种情况的主要原因在于新安装的Python没有YUM服务所依赖的Packages.</p>
<p>
解决方法：查找yum文件,并编辑此py文件</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># which yum</code>
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<code class="bash plain">/usr/bin/yum</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># vi /usr/bin/yum</code>
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将</p>
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改为:</p>
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然后保存OK.</p>
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另外，还有一种可能也同样会导致无法使用yum，就是/usr/bin下的python、python2、python2.4三个文件一定不能改变。理论上说yum只是基于python语言，跟版本并没有关系，但是升级过程中确实会出现问题 </p>
<p>
2、在python运行过程中出现如下错误：</p>
<p>
python错误：ImportError: No module named setuptools</p>
<p>
这句错误提示的表面意思是：没有setuptools的模块，说明python缺少这个模块，那我们只要安装这个模块即可解决此问题</p>
<p>
解决方法：安装setuptools</p>
<p>
3、执行python脚本时，报错</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># Python-2.7.3 generator.py</code>
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Traceback (most recent call last): File "generator.py", line 3, in <module></p>
<p>
import cx_Oracle</p>
<p>
ImportError: No module named cx_Oracle</p>
<p>
解决方法：安装cx_Oracle</p>
<p>
4、# pip install cx_Oracle报错：</p>
<p>
Downloading/unpacking cx-Oracle</p>
<p>
Downloading cx_Oracle-5.1.3.tar.gz (104kB): 104kB downloaded</p>
<p>
Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip_build_root/cx-Oracle/setup.py) egg_info for package cx-Oracle</p>
<p>
Installing collected packages: cx-Oracle</p>
<p>
Running setup.py install for cx-Oracle</p>
<p>
building 'cx_Oracle' extension</p>
<p>
gcc -pthread -fno-strict-aliasing -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m64 -mtune=generic -D_GNU_SOURCE -fPIC -fwrapv -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m64 -mtune=generic -D_GNU_SOURCE -fPIC -fwrapv -fPIC -I/opt/oracle/instantclient_11_2/sdk/include -I/usr/include/python2.6 -c cx_Oracle.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.6-11g/cx_Oracle.o -DBUILD_VERSION=5.1.3</p>
<p>
gcc -pthread -shared build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.6-11g/cx_Oracle.o -L/opt/oracle/instantclient_11_2/ -L/usr/lib64 -lclntsh -lpython2.6 -o build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.6-11g/cx_Oracle.so</p>
<p>
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lclntsh</p>
<p>
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status</p>
<p>
error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1</p>
<p>
Complete output from command /usr/bin/python -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip_build_root/cx-Oracle/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-ONXD3d-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile:</p>
<p>
running install</p>
<p>
running build</p>
<p>
running build_ext</p>
<p>
building 'cx_Oracle' extension</p>
<p>
creating build</p>
<p>
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.6-11g</p>
<p>
gcc -pthread -fno-strict-aliasing -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m64 -mtune=generic -D_GNU_SOURCE -fPIC -fwrapv -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m64 -mtune=generic -D_GNU_SOURCE -fPIC -fwrapv -fPIC -I/opt/oracle/instantclient_11_2/sdk/include -I/usr/include/python2.6 -c cx_Oracle.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.6-11g/cx_Oracle.o -DBUILD_VERSION=5.1.3</p>
<p>
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.6-11g</p>
<p>
gcc -pthread -shared build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.6-11g/cx_Oracle.o -L/opt/oracle/instantclient_11_2/ -L/usr/lib64 -lclntsh -lpython2.6 -o build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.6-11g/cx_Oracle.so</p>
<p>
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lclntsh</p>
<p>
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status</p>
<p>
error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1</p>
<p>
----------------------------------------<br>
Cleaning up...</p>
<p>
Command /usr/bin/python -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip_build_root/cx-Oracle/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-ONXD3d-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip_build_root/cx-Oracle<br>
Storing debug log for failure in /root/.pip/pip.log</p>
<p>
解决方法：# ln -s libclntsh.so.11.1 libclntsh.so</p>
<p>
5、执行python脚本时，报./startup.sh: Permission denied</p>
<p>
解决方法：chmod u+x *.sh </p>
<p>
6、</p>
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Traceback (most recent call last):File "./generator.py", line 3, in <module></p>
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import cx_Oracle</p>
<p>
ImportError: libaio.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory</p>
<p>
解决方法：# yum install libaio</p>
<p>
<span><strong>九、python和python-dev以及boost.python的关系</strong></span></p>
<p>
很多时候，很多人搞不清楚，python和python-dev以及boost.python的关系。python是执行环境，如果你要c/c++中调用python，或者python调用c或者c++，则需要python-dev。boost.python仅仅是对 python-dev进行了封装，很多函数，两边都具有同样的功能，也就是说用python-dev中的也可以如run1 函数，用boost.python中的也行如run2,boost.python的接口封装得更为友好而已如异常处理。</p>
<p>
以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持。</p>
<p>
原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/yangxia-test/p/4160022.html</p>

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