linux自动化交互脚本expect详解
<div id="navCategory"><p><strong>一、介绍</strong></p></div><p> expect脚本是Tcl脚本语言的拓展。用来实现自动的交互式任务，无需人为干预。在实际开发中，运行shell脚本有时候会输入linux密码或者是mysql密码等，而expect可以帮我们输入。 </p><p><strong>二、安装</strong></p><pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">expect在linux系统</pre><p>中没有自带，需要我们自行安装，在Ubuntu系统下，安装命令如下<br/></p><div class="jb51code"><div><div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_688887"><div class="toolbar"><br/></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get update</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">expect</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="codetool" id="codetool"><div class="code_n"></div></div></div><p class="maodian"> </p><p><strong>三、简单的expect脚本</strong></p><p class="maodian"> </p><p><strong>3.1、编写脚本</strong></p><p>
首先创建expect脚本</p><div class="jb51code"><div><div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_641127"><div class="toolbar"><br/></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">vim hello.exp</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="codetool" id="codetool"><div class="code_n"></div></div></div><p>
在hello.exp下写如下内容：</p><div class="jb51code"><div><div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_51123"><div class="toolbar"><br/></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
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11</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash preprocessor bold">#!/usr/bin/expect</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash functions">set</code> <code class="bash plain">timeout 5</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash plain">spawn </code><code class="bash functions">su</code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="bash plain">expect {</code></div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">assword {send </code><code class="bash string">"123456\r"</code><code class="bash plain">} </code><code class="bash comments">#你的linux密码</code></div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="bash plain">}</code></div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
</div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2"><code class="bash plain">interact</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="codetool" id="codetool"><div class="code_n"></div></div></div><p>
运行hello.exp</p><div class="jb51code"><div><div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_660782"><div class="toolbar"><br/></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash plain">expect hello.exp</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="codetool" id="codetool"><div class="code_n"></div></div></div><p>
运行后，你会发现你的用户就变成root用户了，我们用过linux的会知道，进入root用户是需要输入密码的，而使用了expect脚本，他就会自动帮我们输入密码。这就是expect的自动化交互。</p><p><img style="max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;" title="linux自动化交互脚本expect详解" alt="linux自动化交互脚本expect详解" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/1c8f76951663b75af7d5fde92d28a7e2.jpg"/></p><p class="maodian"> </p><p><strong>3.2、解释脚本</strong></p><p>
（1） <strong>#!/usr/bin/expect</strong><br/>
指定要运行的脚本，与shell脚本中的 <code>#!/bin/bash</code> 一样意思，若你不知道你的expect安装在哪里，可以使用 <code>which expect</code>来查看。我的就安装在 /usr/bin/expect下</p><p><img style="max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;" title="linux自动化交互脚本expect详解" alt="linux自动化交互脚本expect详解" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/bdd64417d776ed0d45caa6e324bc119d.jpg"/></p><p>
（2） <strong>set timeout 5</strong><br/>
set：是设置变量，可以设置<strong>自定义变量</strong>，也可以设置expect脚本<strong>内部变量</strong>的值<br/>
timeout：<strong>timeout</strong>是expect脚本的<strong>内部变量</strong>，我们自定义名称的使用不能使用这种<strong>内部变量名</strong>。timeout意思是超时时间，单位是秒，默认是10s超时，也可以设置-1，永不超时</p><p>
set timeout 5：意思是在expect语句中，5s后超时，不再作出选择。</p><p>
（3） <strong>spawn su</strong><br/>
开启一个新的进程来执行 <code>su</code> 命令</p><p>
（4） <strong>expect { assword send {“123465\r”}}</strong><br/>
expect：从进程中接收信息, 如果匹配成功, 就执行expect后的动作<br/>
send：向进程发送字符串</p><div class="jb51code"><div><div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_435188"><div class="toolbar"><br/></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
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3</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash plain">expect { </code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">assword send {</code><code class="bash string">"123465\r"</code><code class="bash plain">}</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash plain">}</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="codetool" id="codetool"><div class="code_n"></div></div></div><p>
说明：判断输出的信息有没有包含<code>assword</code>的字符串，如果有，则发送一个命令<code>123456\r</code>（ \r是敲回车），并退出expect语句；如果没有，则等待timeout的时间后退出expect语句。</p><p>
（5） <strong>interact</strong><br/>
执行完spawn内的命令后不退出，剩下的操作由我们人工来执行。如登陆ssh，expect脚本可以帮我们登录（不用手动输入密码），登陆之后需要我们手动交互。</p><p class="maodian"> </p><p><strong>3.3、总结</strong></p><p>
看到这里，相信你已经知道了expect脚本本质：提前知道了linux系统的返回信息，并捕获这些信息，来作出应答。</p><p class="maodian"> </p><p><strong>四、正文</strong></p><p class="maodian"> </p><p><strong>4.1、常用命令说明</strong></p><p>
</p><table><thead><tr class="firstRow"><th>
命令</th><th>
说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>
set timeout n</td><td>
设置expect语句超时时间为n秒。-1为永不超时</td></tr><tr><td>
set name value</td><td>
设置变量名为name，其值为value</td></tr><tr><td>
set name </td><td>
设置变量名为name，其值为 传入 expect脚本的第一个 参数 。第一个参数的索引值为0，第二个为1，依次类推</td></tr><tr><td>
spawn</td><td>
启动新的进程，执行命令或者指定程序</td></tr><tr><td>
expect</td><td>
接收进程中返回的信息, 如果匹配成功（有大小写区分）, 就执行expect后的动作</td></tr><tr><td>
send</td><td>
向进程发送字符串</td></tr><tr><td>
send_user</td><td>
用来打印信息，相当于shell中的echo</td></tr><tr><td>
exp_continue</td><td>
执行完expect后的动作后，使expect不退出，继续往下匹配</td></tr><tr><td>
expect eof</td><td>
不允许用户交互，直接退出（这个用的会比interact多）</td></tr><tr><td>
interact</td><td>
允许用户交互</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br/></p><p><strong>4.2、示例：运行shell脚本</strong></p><p>
（1）创建一个shell脚本，1.sh</p><div class="jb51code"><div><div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_932380"><div class="toolbar"><br/></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
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</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash string">"read print"</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash functions">read</code> <code class="bash plain">-p </code><code class="bash string">"please input name in there "</code> <code class="bash plain">NAME</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${NAME}</code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="bash functions">read</code> <code class="bash plain">-p </code><code class="bash string">"input password in there "</code> <code class="bash plain">PASSWORD</code></div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
</div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="bash functions">echo</code> <code class="bash plain">${PASSWORD}</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="codetool" id="codetool"><div class="code_n"></div></div></div><p>
该脚本的意思就是输入你的账号，密码，并打印出来</p><p>
（2）创建一个expect脚本，1.exp。让1.exp帮我们输入信息</p><div class="jb51code"><div><div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_15361"><div class="toolbar"><br/></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
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</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash comments">#若要运行shell脚本，写shell脚本的绝对路径</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash plain">spawn </code><code class="bash functions">bash</code> <code class="bash plain">/home/hadoop/test/1</code><code class="bash plain">.sh</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="bash comments">#设置expect语句的超时时间。默认10s</code></div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="bash functions">set</code> <code class="bash plain">timeout 3</code></div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
</div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="bash plain">expect {</code></div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments">#expect类似于swtich语句，在括号{}内匹配语句，只要一找到匹配的语句，就会执行，</code></div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments">#执行完之后就会退出，而加上exp_continue之后不会退出，会继续往下执行。</code></div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
</div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments">#这里是匹配字符串，不需要双引号,有大小写区分</code></div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">name {</code></div><div class="line number15 index14 alt2"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">send </code><code class="bash string">"meizhaowei\r"</code></div><div class="line number16 index15 alt1"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">send_user </code><code class="bash string">"success\n"</code></div><div class="line number17 index16 alt2"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash comments">#回显示给用户的信息，类似与echo，打印信息到控制台上</code></div><div class="line number18 index17 alt1"><code class="bash spaces"> </code></div><div class="line number19 index18 alt2"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">exp_continue</code></div><div class="line number20 index19 alt1"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">}</code></div><div class="line number21 index20 alt2"><code class="bash spaces"> </code><code class="bash plain">assword {send </code><code class="bash string">"123456\r"</code><code class="bash plain">}</code></div><div class="line number22 index21 alt1"><code class="bash plain">}</code></div><div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
</div><div class="line number24 index23 alt1"><code class="bash plain">expect eof </code><code class="bash comments">#与interact相反，执行完程序不进入人工交互</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="codetool" id="codetool"><div class="code_n"></div></div></div><p>
（3）运行</p><p><img style="max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;" title="linux自动化交互脚本expect详解" alt="linux自动化交互脚本expect详解" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/946e02b9cd41d96cd9d01c0effc04f13.jpg"/></p><p>
正常来说，运行1.sh会让你手动输入name与password，但是这里运行了1.exp后，就能让1.exp来帮你输入1.sh的信息</p><p>
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