VM虚拟机中的Ubuntu设置固定IP上网图文教程
<p style='margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; outline: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 30px; font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei";'>但是如果你的机子有特殊用处，比如作为服务器，需要IP地址信息，亦或者像我一样，作为一个云计算的节点，其IP都是在配置文件里配置好的，如果每次重启系统都要跑过去修改下配置文件里的IP，那简直是不可取的做法，因此为虚拟机设置固定IP上网非常的有必要！<br>
设置固定IP的方法很多，大家都知道虚拟机上网有三种模式：bridged、host-only和NAT，其中NAT模式对应VMnet8虚拟网络，host-only模式对应VMnet1虚拟网络，bridged模式对应 VMnet0虚拟网络，都是由VMware虚拟机自动配置而生成的，不需要用户自行设置。VMnet8和VMnet1提供DHCP服务，VMnet0虚拟 网络则不提供。<br>
由于NAT的方式最简单，因此下面是NAT设置的具体方法。<br>
测试环境：<br>
虚拟机版本：VMware Workstation 10<br>Ubuntu版本：Ubuntu 12.10/13.04<br><strong>1. 设置虚拟机上网方式为NAT</strong><br><img style="max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;"title="VM虚拟机中的Ubuntu设置固定IP上网图文教程" alt="VM虚拟机中的Ubuntu设置固定IP上网图文教程" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/781ea7f25b5fcaa5370b61ea2c32ca2d.jpg"><br><strong>2. 配置VMnet8虚拟网络（Virtual Network Editor）</strong><br>
因为NAT对应的是VMnet8虚拟网络，打开Vmware自带的虚拟网络编辑工具Virtual Network Editor，配置如下：<br><img style="max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;"title="VM虚拟机中的Ubuntu设置固定IP上网图文教程" alt="VM虚拟机中的Ubuntu设置固定IP上网图文教程" src="https://zhuji.jb51.net/uploads/img/202305/3a180d82cd59347f27a023bc802e699b.jpg"><br>
其中子网IP根据自己情况设置，比如我想设置固定IP地址为192.168.1.151，那么这里的子网IP就填192.168.1.0，另外记得取消DHCP选项服务。</p>
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<br><strong>3. 进入到Ubuntu系统中配置网络</strong><br>
主要配置下面三个方面的内容：<br>
（1）修改文件/etc/network/interfaces，这里是IP、网关、掩码等的一些配置；<br>
（2）修改文件/etc/resolv.conf，这个文件保存DNS的有关信息；<br>
（3）解决resolv.conf被重写问题；<br>
（4）重启虚拟机网络</p>
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下面是具体配置方法：<br><strong>（1）修改文件/etc/network/interfaces</strong><br>
命令：<br>
</p>
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<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
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<p>
代码如下:</p>
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<br>
sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces <br>
或 <br>
sudo gedit /etc/network/interfaces</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>我的配置如下：</span></p>
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<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
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<p>
代码如下:</p>
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# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)<br>
auto lo<br>
iface lo inet loopback<br>
auto eth0</p> <p>iface eth0 inet static<br>
address 192.168.1.151<br>
netmask 255.255.255.0<br>
gateway 192.168.1.2</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>其中网关gateway要与Virtual Network Editor中“NAT Settings...”中的一致，一般好像都为192.168.xx.2。</span></p>
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</p>
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<strong>（2）修改文件/etc/resolv.conf</strong><br>
命令：<br>
</p>
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<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
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<p>
代码如下:</p>
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sudo vi /etc/resolv.conf <br>
或 <br>
sudo gedit /etc/resolv.conf<br>
我的配置如下：<br>
nameserver 202.38.64.1</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>当然这里是因人而异了，加上你自己的DNS服务器即可，我的是校内DNS。</span></p>
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</p>
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<strong>（3）解决resolv.conf被重写问题</strong><br>
第二步中你虽然配置了DNS，但是每次重启虚拟机或重启网络后/etc/resolv.conf文件就会被重写，也就是又恢复原样了，你以前的配置就不存在了，每次都要手动配置是极不可取的，所以这步是必须的，首先我们要搞清楚resolv.conf被重写的原因和机制，这在不同Ubuntu版本下有所差异。那怎么知道呢？一般resolv.conf文件一开头就告诉你了。<br>
解决该问题其实有两种办法，不怕麻烦的想理解原理的请参照方法一（与版本有关），怕麻烦的不想折腾的自觉转到方法二（与版本无关）。</p>
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<strong>方法一：与版本有关<br>
a）Ubuntu 12.10</strong><br>
打开/etc/resolv.conf后可看到开头的一句话：<br>
</p>
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<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
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<p>
代码如下:</p>
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# Generated by NetworkManager</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>说明resolv.conf这个文件是由NetworkManager这个程序生成的（对应的是network-manager服务），那么解决办法也就来了：我们关掉network-manager即可，命令如下：</span></p>
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<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
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<p>
代码如下:</p>
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sudo service network-manager stop <br>
或者<br>
sudo /etc/init.d/network-manager stop</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>但是这种方法不是一劳永逸的，因为每次重启系统后还是会自动启动这个服务，因此我们需要完全禁止network-manager启动即可。</span><br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>编辑network manager的配置文件/etc/init/network-manager.conf：</span></p>
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<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
</div>
<p>
代码如下:</p>
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sudo vi /etc/init/network-manager.conf</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>注释掉其中的start on部分即可：</span></p>
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<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
</div>
<p>
代码如下:</p>
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# network-manager - network connection manager<br>
#<br>
# The Network Manager daemon manages the system's network connections,<br>
# automatically switching between the best available.</p> <p>description "network connection manager"</p> <p>#start on (local-filesystems<br>
# and started dbus<br>
# and static-network-up)<br>
stop on stopping dbus</p> <p>expect fork<br>
respawn</p> <p>script<br>
# set $LANG so that messages appearing on the GUI will be translated. See LP: 875017<br>
if [ -r /etc/default/locale ]; then<br>
. /etc/default/locale<br>
export LANG LANGUAGE LC_MESSAGES LC_ALL<br>
fi</div>
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</p>
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<strong>b）Ubuntu 13.04</strong><br>
不知道Ubuntu从哪个版本开始不是由NetworkManager生成resolv.conf的了，至少在13.04下是这样的，因为resolv.conf开头写着这样一句话：<br>
</p>
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<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
</div>
<p>
代码如下:</p>
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# Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)<br>
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>说是由resolvconf生成，NetworkManager仍然存在，因为它是DHCP上网不可缺少的，但此时禁止NetworkManager启动已经不管用了，因为resolv.conf已经不归它管了，我们试着看看resolv.conf与resolvconf有啥关系，查看：</span></p>
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<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
</div>
<p>
代码如下:</p>
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hadoop@Master:~$ ll /etc/resolv.conf<br>
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 9月 11 2013 /etc/resolv.conf -> ../run/resolvconf/resolv.conf</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>说明/etc/resolv.conf 其实只是一个link，它实际上指向的是 /run/resolvconf/resolv.conf，这也就解释了为什么每次重启都会被重写的原因，你改的只是个link，对原文件没有影响，而每次重启这个link还得加载原文件的内容，所以对link的修改无效。</span><br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>解决方法就是：修改真实的原文件，如下：</span></p>
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<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
</div>
<p>
代码如下:</p>
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sudo vi /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/head</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>发现这个文件与/etc/resolv.conf文件一模一样，这就对了，在里面加入你自己的nameserver即可，这样每次重启就不会被重写了。</span><br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>PS：网上也有人说修改/etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/base这个文件也行，我没有亲自测试，感兴趣的可用自己测试。</span></p>
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</p>
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说了这么多，各版本的差异看来挺麻烦的，不知道最新的版本或以后的版本会不会又变样了，其实这里有个更简单的与版本无关的方式能够防止resolv.conf文件被重写，那就是方法二。<br><strong>方法二：与版本无关</strong><br>
前面提到固定IP的上网方式主要是修改/etc/network/interfaces这个文件，配置IP、网关什么的，其实这里面还有个参数可以配置，那就是DNS了，对应的参数名为dns-nameservers，这里设置的优先级比resolv.conf高，也就是网络会从这里读取DNS配置，如果没配置才去看resolv.conf里面的设置，因此在这里面配置DNS更简单。<br>
</p>
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<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
</div>
<p>
代码如下:</p>
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# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)<br>
auto lo<br>
iface lo inet loopback<br>
auto eth0</p> <p>iface eth0 inet static<br>
address 192.168.1.151<br>
netmask 255.255.255.0<br>
gateway 192.168.1.2<br>
dns-nameservers 202.38.64.1</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><strong style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>（4）重启虚拟机网络</strong><br><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>配置完成后，重启网络即可，也有好几种方法：</span></p>
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<div class="right">
<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
</div>
<p>
代码如下:</p>
</div>
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sudo service networking restart <br>
或者<br>
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>也可以重启网卡：</span></p>
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<div class="right">
<span><u>复制代码</u></span>
</div>
<p>
代码如下:</p>
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sudo ifconfig eth0 down <br>
sudo ifconfig eth0 up</div>
<p>
<br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>重启网卡对别的网卡无影响，更推荐一些。</span><br style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'><span style='font-family: tahoma, arial, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;'>赶紧ping下www.baidu.com吧，应该可以上网了。</span></p>
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</p>
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PS：当然也可以通过图形界面network manager进行配置，但个人感觉这种方式最好，因此推荐！</p>
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