CentOS下tar打包解压详解（解压到指定文件夹）
<p>本文介绍了tar命令、gzip, zcat 命令、bzip2, bzcat 命令、compress 命令、dd 命令、cpio 命令，具体如下：</p>
<p>
<strong>tar命令</strong></p>
<p>
解压文件到指定目录：</p>
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<code class="bash functions">tar</code> <code class="bash plain">-zxvf </code><code class="bash plain">/home/zjx/aa</code><code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash functions">tar</code><code class="bash plain">.gz -C </code><code class="bash plain">/home/zjx/pf</code>
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<strong>tar [-cxtzjvfpPN] 文件与目录....</strong></p>
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参数：</p>
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-c ：建立一个压缩文件的参数指令(create 的意思)；</p>
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-x ：解开一个压缩文件的参数指令！</p>
<p>
-t ：查看tarfile 里面的文件！</p>
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特别注意，在参数的下达中，c/x/t 仅能存在一个！不可同时存在！</p>
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因为不可能同时压缩与解压缩。</p>
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-z ：是否同时具有gzip 的属性？亦即是否需要用gzip 压缩？</p>
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-j ：是否同时具有bzip2 的属性？亦即是否需要用bzip2 压缩？</p>
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-v ：压缩的过程中显示文件！这个常用，但不建议用在背景执行过程！</p>
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-f ：使用档名，请留意，在f 之后要立即接档名喔！不要再加参数！</p>
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例如使用『tar -zcvfP tfile sfile』就是错误的写法，要写成</p>
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『tar -zcvPf tfile sfile』才对喔！</p>
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-p ：使用原文件的原来属性（属性不会依据使用者而变）</p>
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-P ：可以使用绝对路径来压缩！</p>
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-N ：比后面接的日期(yyyy/mm/dd)还要新的才会被打包进新建的文件中！</p>
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--exclude FILE：在压缩的过程中，不要将FILE 打包！</p>
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范例：</p>
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范例一：将整个/etc 目录下的文件全部打包成为/tmp/etc.tar</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar -cvf /tmp/etc.tar /etc <==仅打包，不压缩！</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar -zcvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz /etc <==打包后，以gzip 压缩</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar -jcvf /tmp/etc.tar.bz2 /etc <==打包后，以bzip2 压缩</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 特别注意，在参数f 之后的文件档名是自己取的，我们习惯上都用.tar 来作为辨识。</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 如果加z 参数，则以.tar.gz 或.tgz 来代表gzip 压缩过的tar file ～</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 如果加j 参数，则以.tar.bz2 来作为附档名啊～</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 上述指令在执行的时候，会显示一个警告讯息：</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 『tar: Removing leading `/' from member names』那是关於绝对路径的特殊设定。</code>
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范例二：查阅上述/tmp/etc.tar.gz 文件内有哪些文件？</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar -ztvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 由於我们使用gzip 压缩，所以要查阅该tar file 内的文件时，</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 就得要加上z 这个参数了！这很重要的！</code>
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范例三：将/tmp/etc.tar.gz 文件解压缩在/usr/local/src 底下</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd /usr/local/src</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar -zxvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 在预设的情况下，我们可以将压缩档在任何地方解开的！以这个范例来说，</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 我先将工作目录变换到/usr/local/src 底下，并且解开/tmp/etc.tar.gz ，</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 则解开的目录会在/usr/local/src/etc 呢！另外，如果您进入/usr/local/src/etc</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 则会发现，该目录下的文件属性与/etc/ 可能会有所不同喔！</code>
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范例四：在/tmp 底下，我只想要将/tmp/etc.tar.gz 内的etc/passwd 解开而已</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd /tmp</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar -zxvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz etc/passwd</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 我可以透过tar -ztvf 来查阅tarfile 内的文件名称，如果单只要一个文件，</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 就可以透过这个方式来下达！注意到！etc.tar.gz 内的根目录/ 是被拿掉了！</code>
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<p>
范例五：将/etc/ 内的所有文件备份下来，并且保存其权限！</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar -zxvpf /tmp/etc.tar.gz /etc</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 这个-p 的属性是很重要的，尤其是当您要保留原本文件的属性时！</code>
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<p>
范例六：在/home 当中，比2005/06/01 新的文件才备份</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar -N '2005/06/01' -zcvf home.tar.gz /home</code>
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范例七：我要备份/home, /etc ，但不要/home/dmtsai</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar --exclude /home/dmtsai -zcvf myfile.tar.gz /home/* /etc</code>
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范例八：将/etc/ 打包后直接解开在/tmp 底下，而不产生文件！</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd /tmp</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># tar -cvf - /etc | tar -xvf -</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 这个动作有点像是cp -r /etc /tmp 啦～依旧是有其有用途的！</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 要注意的地方在於输出档变成- 而输入档也变成- ，又有一个| 存在～</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 这分别代表standard output, standard input 与管线命令啦！</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 这部分我们会在Bash shell 时，再次提到这个指令跟大家再解释啰！</code>
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<p>
<strong>gzip, zcat 命令</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># gzip [-cdt#] 档名</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># zcat 档名.gz</code>
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<p>
参数：</p>
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-c ：将压缩的资料输出到萤幕上，可透过资料流重导向来处理；</p>
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-d ：解压缩的参数；</p>
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-t ：可以用来检验一个压缩档的一致性～看看文件有无错误；</p>
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-# ：压缩等级，-1 最快，但是压缩比最差、-9 最慢，但是压缩比最好！预设是-6 ～</p>
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范例：</p>
<p>
范例一：将/etc/man.config 複制到/tmp ，并且以gzip 压缩</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd /tmp</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cp /etc/man.config .</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># gzip man.config</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 此时man.config 会变成man.config.gz ！</code>
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<p>
范例二：将范例一的文件内容读出来！</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># zcat man.config.gz</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 此时萤幕上会显示man.config.gz 解压缩之后的文件内容！！</code>
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<p>
范例三：将范例一的文件解压缩</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># gzip -d man.config.gz</code>
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<p>
范例四：将范例三解开的man.config 用最佳的压缩比压缩，并保留原本的文件</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># gzip -9 -c man.config > man.config.gz</code>
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<p>
<strong>bzip2, bzcat 命令</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># bzip2 [-cdz] 档名</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># bzcat 档名.bz2</code>
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<p>
参数：</p>
<p>
-c ：将压缩的过程产生的资料输出到萤幕上！</p>
<p>
-d ：解压缩的参数</p>
<p>
-z ：压缩的参数</p>
<p>
-# ：与gzip 同样的，都是在计算压缩比的参数，-9 最佳，-1 最快！</p>
<p>
范例：</p>
<p>
范例一：将刚刚的/tmp/man.config 以bzip2 压缩</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># bzip2 -z man.config</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 此时man.config 会变成man.config.bz2 ！</code>
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<p>
范例二：将范例一的文件内容读出来！</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># bzcat man.config.bz2</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 此时萤幕上会显示man.config.bz2 解压缩之后的文件内容！！</code>
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<p>
范例三：将范例一的文件解压缩</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># bzip2 -d man.config.bz2</code>
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<p>
范例四：将范例三解开的man.config 用最佳的压缩比压缩，并保留原本的文件</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># bzip2 -9 -c man.config > man.config.bz2</code>
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<p>
<strong>compress 命令</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># compress [-dcr] 文件或目录</code>
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<p>
参数：</p>
<p>
-d ：用来解压缩的参数</p>
<p>
-r ：可以连同目录下的文件也同时给予压缩呢！</p>
<p>
-c ：将压缩资料输出成为standard output (输出到萤幕)</p>
<p>
范例：</p>
<p>
范例一：将/etc/man.config 複制到/tmp ，并加以压缩</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cd /tmp</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cp /etc/man.config .</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># compress man.config</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ls -l</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2605 Jul 27 11:43 </code><code class="bash functions">man</code><code class="bash plain">.config.Z</code>
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<p>
范例二：将刚刚的压缩档解开</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># compress -d man.config.Z</code>
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<p>
范例三：将man.config 压缩成另外一个文件来备份</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># compress -c man.config > man.config.back.Z</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ll man.config*</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4506 Jul 27 11:43 </code><code class="bash functions">man</code><code class="bash plain">.config</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2605 Jul 27 11:46 </code><code class="bash functions">man</code><code class="bash plain">.config.back.Z</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 这个-c 的参数比较有趣！他会将压缩过程的资料输出到萤幕上，而不是写入成为</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># file.Z 文件。所以，我们可以透过资料流重导向的方法将资料输出成为另一个档名。</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 关於资料流重导向，我们会在bash shell 当中详细谈论的啦！</code>
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<p>
<strong>dd 命令</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># dd if="input_file" of="outptu_file" bs="block_size" \</code>
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<code class="bash plain">count=</code><code class="bash string">"number"</code>
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<p>
参数：</p>
<p>
if ：就是input file 啰～也可以是装置喔！</p>
<p>
of ：就是output file 喔～也可以是装置；</p>
<p>
bs ：规划的一个block 的大小，如果没有设定时，预设是512 bytes</p>
<p>
count：多少个bs 的意思。</p>
<p>
范例：</p>
<p>
范例一：将/etc/passwd 备份到/tmp/passwd.back 当中</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># dd if=/etc/passwd of=/tmp/passwd.back</code>
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<code class="bash plain">3+1 records </code><code class="bash keyword">in</code>
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<code class="bash plain">3+1 records out</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ll /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.back</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1746 Aug 25 14:16 </code><code class="bash plain">/etc/passwd</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1746 Aug 29 16:57 </code><code class="bash plain">/tmp/passwd</code><code class="bash plain">.back</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 仔细的看一下，我的/etc/passwd 文件大小为1746 bytes，因为我没有设定bs ，</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 所以预设是512 bytes 为一个单位，因此，上面那个3+1 表示有3 个完整的</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 512 bytes，以及未满512 bytes 的另一个block 的意思啦！</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 事实上，感觉好像是cp 这个指令啦～</code>
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<p>
范例二：备份/dev/hda 的MBR</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># dd if=/dev/hda of=/tmp/mbr.back bs=512 count=1</code>
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<code class="bash plain">1+0 records </code><code class="bash keyword">in</code>
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<code class="bash plain">1+0 records out</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 这就得好好瞭解一下啰～我们知道整颗硬盘的MBR 为512 bytes，</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 就是放在硬盘的第一个sector 啦，因此，我可以利用这个方式来将</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># MBR 内的所有资料都纪录下来，真的很厉害吧！</code>
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<p>
范例三：将整个/dev/hda1 partition 备份下来。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># dd if=/dev/hda1 of=/some/path/filenaem</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 这个指令很厉害啊！将整个partition 的内容全部备份下来～</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 后面接的of 必须要不是在/dev/hda1 的目录内啊～否则，怎么读也读不完～</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 这个动作是很有效用的，如果改天你必须要完整的将整个partition 的内容填回去，</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 则可以利用dd if=/some/file of=/dev/hda1 来将资料写入到硬盘当中。</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 如果想要整个硬盘备份的话，就类似Norton 的ghost 软体一般，</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 由disk 到disk ，嘿嘿～利用dd 就可以啦～厉害厉害！</code>
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<strong>cpio 命令</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cpio -covB > <==备份</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cpio -icduv < <==还原</code>
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参数：</p>
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-o ：将资料copy 输出到文件或装置上</p>
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-i ：将资料自文件或装置copy 出来系统当中</p>
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-t ：查看cpio 建立的文件或装置的内容</p>
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-c ：一种较新的portable format 方式储存</p>
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-v ：让储存的过程中文件名称可以在萤幕上显示</p>
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-B ：让预设的Blocks 可以增加至5120 bytes ，预设是512 bytes ！</p>
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这样的好处是可以让大文件的储存速度加快(请参考i-nodes 的观念)</p>
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-d ：自动建立目录！由於cpio 的内容可能不是在同一个目录内，</p>
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如此的话在反备份的过程会有问题！ 这个时候加上-d 的话，</p>
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就可以自动的将需要的目录建立起来了！</p>
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-u ：自动的将较新的文件覆盖较旧的文件！</p>
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范例：</p>
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范例一：将所有系统上的资料通通写入磁带机内！</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># find / -print | cpio -covB > /dev/st0</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 一般来说，使用SCSI 介面的磁带机，代号是/dev/st0 喔！</code>
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范例二：检查磁带机上面有什么文件？</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cpio -icdvt < /dev/st0</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cpio -icdvt < /dev/st0 > /tmp/content</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 第一个动作当中，会将磁带机内的档名列出到萤幕上面，而我们可以透过第二个动作，</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 将所有的档名通通纪录到/tmp/content 文件去！</code>
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范例三：将磁带上的资料还原回来～</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cpio -icduv < /dev/st0</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 一般来说，使用SCSI 介面的磁带机，代号是/dev/st0 喔！</code>
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范例四：将/etc 底下的所有『文件』都备份到/root/etc.cpio 中！</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># find /etc -type f | cpio -o > /root/etc.cpio</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 这样就能够备份啰～您也可以将资料以cpio -i < /root/etc.cpio</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 来将资料捉出来！！！！</code>
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以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持服务器之家。</p>
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原文链接：http://www.centoscn.com/CentOS/help/2014/1128/4203.html</p>
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