详解CentOS7防火墙管理firewalld
<p>学习apache安装的时候需要打开80端口，由于centos 7版本以后默认使用firewalld后，网上关于iptables的设置方法已经不管用了，想着反正iptable也不太熟悉，索性直接搬官方文档，学习firewalld了，好像比iptables要简单点了。</p>
<p>
官方文档地址：https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/Security_Guide/sec-Using_Firewalls.html#sec-Introduction_to_firewalld</p>
<p>
<span><strong> 1、firewalld简介</strong></span></p>
<p>
firewalld是centos7的一大特性，最大的好处有两个：支持动态更新，不用重启服务；第二个就是加入了防火墙的“zone”概念 </p>
<p>
firewalld有图形界面和工具界面，由于我在服务器上使用，图形界面请参照官方文档，本文以字符界面做介绍 </p>
<p>
firewalld的字符界面管理工具是 firewall-cmd </p>
<p>
firewalld默认配置文件有两个：/usr/lib/firewalld/ （系统配置，尽量不要修改）和 /etc/firewalld/ （用户配置地址） </p>
<p>
zone概念：</p>
<p>
硬件防火墙默认一般有三个区，firewalld引入这一概念系统默认存在以下区域（根据文档自己理解，如果有误请指正）：</p>
<p>
drop：默认丢弃所有包</p>
<p>
block：拒绝所有外部连接，允许内部发起的连接</p>
<p>
public：指定外部连接可以进入</p>
<p>
external：这个不太明白，功能上和上面相同，允许指定的外部连接</p>
<p>
dmz：和硬件防火墙一样，受限制的公共连接可以进入</p>
<p>
work：工作区，概念和workgoup一样，也是指定的外部连接允许</p>
<p>
home：类似家庭组</p>
<p>
internal：信任所有连接</p>
<p>
对防火墙不算太熟悉，还没想明白public、external、dmz、work、home从功能上都需要自定义允许连接，具体使用上的区别还需高人指点</p>
<p>
<span><strong>2、安装firewalld</strong></span></p>
<p>
root执行</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># yum install firewalld firewall-config</code>
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<span><strong>3、运行、停止、禁用firewalld</strong></span></p>
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启动：</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># systemctl start firewalld</code>
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查看状态：</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># systemctl status firewalld 或者 firewall-cmd --state</code>
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停止：</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># systemctl disable firewalld</code>
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禁用：</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># systemctl stop firewalld</code>
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<span><strong>4、配置firewalld</strong></span></p>
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查看版本：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ firewall-cmd --version</code>
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查看帮助：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ firewall-cmd --help</code>
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查看设置：</p>
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显示状态：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ firewall-cmd --state</code>
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查看区域信息:</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ firewall-cmd --get-active-zones</code>
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查看指定接口所属区域：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ firewall-cmd --get-zone-of-interface=eth0</code>
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拒绝所有包：</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --panic-on</code>
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取消拒绝状态：</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --panic-off</code>
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查看是否拒绝：</p>
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<code class="bash plain">$ firewall-cmd --query-panic</code>
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更新防火墙规则：</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --reload</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --complete-reload</code>
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两者的区别就是第一个无需断开连接，就是firewalld特性之一动态添加规则，第二个需要断开连接，类似重启服务</p>
<p>
将接口添加到区域，默认接口都在public</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-interface=eth0</code>
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永久生效再加上 --permanent 然后reload防火墙</p>
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设置默认接口区域</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --set-default-zone=public</code>
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立即生效无需重启</p>
<p>
打开端口（貌似这个才最常用）</p>
<p>
查看所有打开的端口：</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --zone=dmz --list-ports</code>
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加入一个端口到区域：</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --zone=dmz --add-port=8080/tcp</code>
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若要永久生效方法同上</p>
<p>
打开一个服务，类似于将端口可视化，服务需要在配置文件中添加，/etc/firewalld 目录下有services文件夹，这个不详细说了，详情参考文档</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --zone=work --add-service=smtp</code>
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移除服务</p>
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<code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --zone=work --remove-service=smtp</code>
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<p>
还有端口转发功能、自定义复杂规则功能、lockdown，由于还没用到，以后再学习</p>
<p>
以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持服务器之家。</p>
<p>
原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/knitmesh/p/5456852.html</p>
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