CentOS 7安装完成后初始化的方法

鼓浪屿 發表於 2023-10-6 00:00:00

<p>
<span><strong>1、添加用户</strong></span></p>
<p>
新增名为"wang"的用户</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># useradd wang #添加账户</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># passwd wang #设置密码</code>
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<code class="bash plain">Changing password </code><code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">user wang.</code>
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<code class="bash plain">New password: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Retype new password: </code>
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<code class="bash functions">passwd</code><code class="bash plain">: all authentication tokens updated successfully.</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># exit #退出</code>
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<code class="bash plain">以用户</code><code class="bash string">"wang"</code><code class="bash plain">为例，设置其为唯一拥有管理员权限的账户</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># usermod -G wheel wang</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># vim /etc/pam.d/su</code>
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<code class="bash plain"> view plain copy print?</code>
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<code class="bash comments">#%PAM-1.0 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">auth sufficient pam_rootok.so </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># Uncomment the following line to implicitly trust users in the "wheel" group. </code>
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<code class="bash comments">#auth sufficient pam_wheel.so trust use_uid </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># Uncomment the following line to require a user to be in the "wheel" group. </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 取消下面一行的注释 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid </code>
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<code class="bash plain">auth substack system-auth </code>
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<code class="bash plain">auth include postlogin </code>
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<code class="bash plain">account sufficient pam_succeed_if.so uid = 0 use_uid quiet </code>
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<code class="bash plain">account include system-auth </code>
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<code class="bash plain">password include system-auth </code>
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<code class="bash plain">session include system-auth </code>
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<code class="bash plain">session include postlogin </code>
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<code class="bash plain">session optional pam_xauth.so </code>
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<code class="bash plain">设置root账户的邮件转发</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># Person who should get root's mail</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 最后一行，取消注释，改变用户名称</code>
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<code class="bash plain">root: wang</code>
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<p>
<span><strong>2、设置防火墙和SELINUX</strong></span></p>
<p>
【1】防火墙</p>
<p>
查看防火墙状态</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl status firewalld </code>
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<code class="bash plain">● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Loaded: loaded (</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld</code><code class="bash plain">.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Active: active (running) since Wed 2016-10-26 01:09:49 CST; 1h 36min ago </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Main PID: 744 (firewalld) </code>
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<code class="bash plain">CGroup: </code><code class="bash plain">/system</code><code class="bash plain">.slice</code><code class="bash plain">/firewalld</code><code class="bash plain">.service </code>
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<code class="bash plain">└─744 </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/bin/python</code> <code class="bash plain">-Es </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/firewalld</code> <code class="bash plain">--nofork --nopid </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 01:09:46 vdevops.com systemd: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 01:09:49 vdevops.com systemd: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.</code>
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<p>
防火墙基本操作</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl start firewalld #启动防火墙 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl enable firewalld #设置防火墙开机自启</code>
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<p>
默认情况下，“public”区域应用于NIC，dhcpv6-client和ssh是允许的。</p>
<p>
当使用“firewall-cmd”命令操作时，如果输入命令不带“--zone = ***”规范，则配置设置为默认区域。</p>
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<code class="bash comments">#显示默认区域 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --get-default-zone </code>
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<code class="bash plain">public </code>
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<code class="bash comments">#显示当前设置 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --list-all </code>
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<code class="bash plain">public (default, active) </code>
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<code class="bash plain">interfaces: eno16777736 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">sources: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">services: dhcpv6-client </code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code>
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<code class="bash plain">ports: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">masquerade: no </code>
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<code class="bash plain">forward-ports: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">icmp-blocks: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">rich rules: </code>
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<code class="bash comments">#显示全部区域 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --list-all-zones </code>
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<code class="bash plain">block </code>
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<code class="bash plain">interfaces: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">sources: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">services: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">ports: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">masquerade: no </code>
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<code class="bash plain">forward-ports: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">icmp-blocks: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">rich rules: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">dmz </code>
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<code class="bash plain">interfaces: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">sources: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">services: </code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code>
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<code class="bash plain">ports: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">masquerade: no </code>
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<code class="bash plain">forward-ports: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">icmp-blocks: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">rich rules: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">... </code>
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<code class="bash comments">#显示特定区域允许的服务 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --list-service --zone=external </code>
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<code class="bash functions">ssh</code>
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<code class="bash comments">#改变默认区域 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --set-default-zone=external </code>
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<code class="bash plain">success </code>
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<code class="bash comments">#改变制定区域的接口 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --change-interface=eth1 --zone=external </code>
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<code class="bash plain">success </code>
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<code class="bash comments">#显示制定区域的状态 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --list-all --zone=external </code>
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<code class="bash plain">external (default, active) </code>
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<code class="bash plain">interfaces: eno16777736 eth1 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">sources: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">services: </code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code>
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<code class="bash plain">ports: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">masquerade: </code><code class="bash functions">yes</code>
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<code class="bash plain">forward-ports: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">icmp-blocks: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">rich rules: </code>
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<code class="bash comments">#注：改变制定区域的接口，前提是次接口在当前系统是存在的</code>
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<p>
显示默认定义的服务</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --get-services </code>
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<code class="bash plain">RH-Satellite-6 amanda-client bacula bacula-client dhcp dhcpv6 dhcpv6-client dns freeipa-ldap freeipa-ldaps freeipa-replication </code><code class="bash functions">ftp</code> <code class="bash plain">high-availability http https imaps ipp ipp-client ipsec iscsi-target kerberos kpasswd ldap ldaps libvirt libvirt-tls mdns mountd ms-wbt mysql nfs ntp openvpn pmcd pmproxy pmwebapi pmwebapis pop3s postgresql proxy-dhcp radius rpc-bind rsyncd samba samba-client smtp </code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code> <code class="bash plain">telnet tftp tftp-client transmission-client vdsm vnc-server wbem-https </code>
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<code class="bash comments">#定义文件路径如下，如果需要添加新的定义文件，在下面目录添加相应的XML文件 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ls /usr/lib/firewalld/services </code>
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<code class="bash plain">amanda-client.xml freeipa-ldap.xml ipp.xml libvirt.xml pmcd.xml RH-Satellite-6.xml tftp-client.xml </code>
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<code class="bash plain">bacula-client.xml freeipa-replication.xml ipsec.xml mdns.xml pmproxy.xml rpc-bind.xml tftp.xml </code>
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<code class="bash plain">bacula.xml </code><code class="bash functions">ftp</code><code class="bash plain">.xml iscsi-target.xml mountd.xml pmwebapis.xml rsyncd.xml transmission-client.xml </code>
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<code class="bash plain">dhcpv6-client.xml high-availability.xml kerberos.xml ms-wbt.xml pmwebapi.xml samba-client.xml vdsm.xml </code>
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<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">dhcpv6.xml https.xml kpasswd.xml mysql.xml pop3s.xml samba.xml vnc-server.xml </code>
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<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">dhcp.xml http.xml ldaps.xml nfs.xml postgresql.xml smtp.xml wbem-https.xml </code>
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<code class="bash plain">dns.xml imaps.xml ldap.xml ntp.xml proxy-dhcp.xml </code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code><code class="bash plain">.xml </code>
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<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">freeipa-ldaps.xml ipp-client.xml libvirt-tls.xml openvpn.xml radius.xml telnet.xml</code>
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<p>
添加或删除允许的服务，重新启动系统后，更改将恢复。如果永久更改设置，请添加“--permanent”选项。</p>
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<code class="bash comments">#以添加http服务为例 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --add-service=http </code>
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<code class="bash plain">success </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --list-service </code>
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<code class="bash plain">http </code><code class="bash functions">ssh</code>
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<code class="bash comments">#移除添加的http </code>
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<code class="bash plain"><pre name=</code><code class="bash string">"code"</code> <code class="bash plain">class=</code><code class="bash string">"html"</code><code class="bash plain">></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --remove-service=http </code>
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<code class="bash plain">success </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --list-service </code>
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<code class="bash functions">ssh</code>
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<code class="bash comments">#添加http服务，永久生效 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --add-service=http --permanentsuccess</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --reloadsuccess# firewall-cmd --list-servicehttp ssh</code>
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添加和移除端口</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --add-port=465/tcp #添加端口 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">success </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --list-port </code>
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<code class="bash plain">465</code><code class="bash plain">/tcp</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --remove-port=465/tcp #移除端口 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">success </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --list-port </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --add-port=465/tcp --permanent #添加端口，永久生效 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">success </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --reload </code>
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<code class="bash plain">success </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --list-port </code>
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<code class="bash plain">465</code><code class="bash plain">/tcp</code>
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<p>
加或删除禁止的ICMP类型</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --add-icmp-block=echo-request #添加禁止回应请求 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">success </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --list-icmp-blocks </code>
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<code class="bash functions">echo</code><code class="bash plain">-request </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --remove-icmp-block=echo-request #移除添加的参数 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">success </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --list-icmp-blocks </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># firewall-cmd --get-icmptypes #显示ICMP支持的功能 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">destination-unreachable </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code><code class="bash plain">-reply </code><code class="bash functions">echo</code><code class="bash plain">-request parameter-problem redirect </code>
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<code class="bash plain">router-advertisement router-solicitation </code><code class="bash functions">source</code><code class="bash plain">-quench </code><code class="bash functions">time</code><code class="bash plain">-exceeded</code>
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<p>
【2】如果不需要防火墙服务，关闭如下</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl stop firewalld #停止防火墙服务 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl disable firewalld #禁止防火墙开机自启 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Removed </code><code class="bash functions">symlink</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/systemd/system/dbus-org</code><code class="bash plain">.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service. </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Removed </code><code class="bash functions">symlink</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/systemd/system/basic</code><code class="bash plain">.target.wants</code><code class="bash plain">/firewalld</code><code class="bash plain">.service. </code>
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<code class="bash plain">3、SELinux</code>
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<code class="bash plain"> view plain copy print?</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># getenforce #查看SELINUX工作模式 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Enforcing </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># sed -i 's/SELINUX=Enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/' /etc/selinux/config #禁用SELINUX </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># setenforce 0 #临时禁用SELINUX，无需重启</code>
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<p>
<span><strong>4、网络设置</strong></span></p>
<p>
【1】、设置静态IP和改变接口名称</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.addresses 10.1.1.56/24 #设置静态IP </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.gateway 10.1.1.1 #设置网关 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.dns 10.1.1.1 #设置DNS </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.method manual #设置ipv4的类型为静态 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># nmcli c down eno16777736;nmcli c up eno16777736 #重启网络接口 </code>
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<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Connection </code><code class="bash string">'eno16777736'</code> <code class="bash plain">successfully deactivated (D-Bus active path: </code><code class="bash plain">/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/0</code><code class="bash plain">) </code>
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<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: </code><code class="bash plain">/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/1</code><code class="bash plain">) </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># nmcli d show eno16777736 #查看网络接口状态 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">GENERAL.DEVICE: eno16777736 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">GENERAL.TYPE: ethernet </code>
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<code class="bash plain">GENERAL.HWADDR: 00:0C:29:B6:F5:5E </code>
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<code class="bash plain">GENERAL.MTU: 1500 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">GENERAL.STATE: 100 (connected) </code>
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<code class="bash plain">GENERAL.CONNECTION: eno16777736 </code>
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<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">GENERAL.CON-PATH: </code><code class="bash plain">/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/1</code>
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<code class="bash plain">WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER: on </code>
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<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">IP4.ADDRESS: 10.1.1.56</code><code class="bash plain">/24</code>
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<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">IP4.GATEWAY: 10.1.1.1 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">IP4.DNS: 10.1.1.1 </code>
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<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">IP6.ADDRESS: fe80::20c:29ff:feb6:f55e</code><code class="bash plain">/64</code>
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<code class="bash plain">IP6.GATEWAY: </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ip addr show #查看IP状态 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN </code>
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<code class="bash plain">link</code><code class="bash plain">/loopback</code> <code class="bash plain">00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">inet 127.0.0.1</code><code class="bash plain">/8</code> <code class="bash plain">scope host lo </code>
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<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever </code>
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<code class="bash plain">inet6 ::1</code><code class="bash plain">/128</code> <code class="bash plain">scope host </code>
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<div class="line number28 index27 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever </code>
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<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">2: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">link</code><code class="bash plain">/ether</code> <code class="bash plain">00:0c:29:b6:f5:5e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff </code>
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<code class="bash plain">inet 10.1.1.56</code><code class="bash plain">/24</code> <code class="bash plain">brd 10.1.1.255 scope global eno16777736 </code>
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<div class="line number32 index31 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever </code>
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<code class="bash plain">inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feb6:f55e</code><code class="bash plain">/64</code> <code class="bash plain">scope link </code>
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<div class="line number34 index33 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever</code>
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<p>
【2】禁用IPV6</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># vim /etc/default/grub </code>
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<code class="bash comments">#第六行，添加 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=</code><code class="bash string">"crashkernel=auto <spanbash plain">color:</code><code class="bash comments">#FF0000;">ipv6.disable=1</span> rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet" </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Generating grub configuration </code><code class="bash functions">file</code> <code class="bash plain">... </code>
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<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Found linux image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/vmlinuz-3</code><code class="bash plain">.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Found initrd image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/initramfs-3</code><code class="bash plain">.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64.img </code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Found linux image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/vmlinuz-3</code><code class="bash plain">.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Found initrd image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/initramfs-3</code><code class="bash plain">.10.0-327.el7.x86_64.img </code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Found linux image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94</code>
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Found initrd image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/initramfs-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94</code><code class="bash plain">.img </code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash keyword">done</code>
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># reboot #重启系统</code>
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</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool">
<div class="code_n">
<textarea></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
【3】如果要将网络接口名称用作ethX，请按如下所示进行配置。</p>
<div class="jb51code">
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<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_174484">
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<span>?</span>
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12</div>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># vim /etc/default/grub </code>
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<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash comments">#第六行添加 </code>
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<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=</code><code class="bash string">"crashkernel=auto ipv6.disable=1 <spanbash plain">color:</code><code class="bash comments">#FF0000;">net.ifnames=0</span> rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet </code>
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<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg </code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Generating grub configuration </code><code class="bash functions">file</code> <code class="bash plain">... </code>
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<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Found linux image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/vmlinuz-3</code><code class="bash plain">.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Found initrd image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/initramfs-3</code><code class="bash plain">.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64.img </code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Found linux image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/vmlinuz-3</code><code class="bash plain">.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Found initrd image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/initramfs-3</code><code class="bash plain">.10.0-327.el7.x86_64.img </code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Found linux image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94</code>
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<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Found initrd image: </code><code class="bash plain">/boot/initramfs-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94</code><code class="bash plain">.img </code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash keyword">done</code>
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</div>
</div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool">
<div class="code_n">
<textarea></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
<span><strong>4、服务设置</strong></span></p>
<p>
、查看服务状态</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_496251">
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash comments"># 显示正在运行的服务 </code>
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<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl -t service </code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION </code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">auditd.service loaded active running Security Auditing Service </code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS</code><code class="bash plain">/DNS-SD</code> <code class="bash plain">Stack </code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">crond.service loaded active running Command Scheduler </code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus </code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">getty@tty1.service loaded active running Getty on tty1 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">... </code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">... </code>
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">... </code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">systemd-udevd.service loaded active running udev Kernel Device Manager </code>
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">systemd-update-utmp.service loaded active exited Update UTMP about System Reboot</code><code class="bash plain">/Shutdown</code>
</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">systemd-user-sessions.service loaded active exited Permit User Sessions </code>
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">systemd-vconsole-setup.service loaded active exited Setup Virtual Console </code>
</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tuned.service loaded active running Dynamic System Tuning Daemon </code>
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded. </code>
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB. </code>
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<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit </code><code class="bash functions">type</code><code class="bash plain">. </code>
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">39 loaded </code><code class="bash functions">units</code> <code class="bash plain">listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive </code><code class="bash functions">units</code><code class="bash plain">, too. </code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">To show all installed unit files use </code><code class="bash string">'systemctl list-unit-files'</code><code class="bash plain">. </code>
</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
<code class="bash comments"># 显示所有服务 </code>
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<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl list-unit-files -t service </code>
</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">UNIT FILE STATE </code>
</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">auditd.service enabled </code>
</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">autovt@.service disabled </code>
</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">avahi-daemon.service enabled </code>
</div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">blk-availability.service disabled </code>
</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">brandbot.service static </code>
</div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">... </code>
</div>
<div class="line number31 index30 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">... </code>
</div>
<div class="line number32 index31 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">... </code>
</div>
<div class="line number33 index32 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">systemd-user-sessions.service static </code>
</div>
<div class="line number34 index33 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">systemd-vconsole-setup.service static </code>
</div>
<div class="line number35 index34 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">teamd@.service static </code>
</div>
<div class="line number36 index35 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">tuned.service enabled </code>
</div>
<div class="line number37 index36 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">wpa_supplicant.service disabled </code>
</div>
<div class="line number38 index37 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">125 unit files listed.</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool">
<div class="code_n">
<textarea></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
、设置停止启动自动的服务</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_364141">
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl stop postfix #停止服务 </code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl disable postfix </code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Removed </code><code class="bash functions">symlink</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/systemd/system/multi-user</code><code class="bash plain">.target.wants</code><code class="bash plain">/postfix</code><code class="bash plain">.service. </code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl start postfix </code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl enable postfix </code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Created </code><code class="bash functions">symlink</code> <code class="bash plain">from </code><code class="bash plain">/etc/systemd/system/multi-user</code><code class="bash plain">.target.wants</code><code class="bash plain">/postfix</code><code class="bash plain">.service to </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix</code><code class="bash plain">.service. </code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl status postfix </code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">● postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport Agent </code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Loaded: loaded (</code><code class="bash plain">/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix</code><code class="bash plain">.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) </code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Active: active (running) since Wed 2016-10-26 18:40:35 CST; 15s ago </code>
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Main PID: 10071 (master) </code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">CGroup: </code><code class="bash plain">/system</code><code class="bash plain">.slice</code><code class="bash plain">/postfix</code><code class="bash plain">.service </code>
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">├─10071 </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/libexec/postfix/master</code> <code class="bash plain">-w </code>
</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">├─10072 pickup -l -t unix -u </code>
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">└─10073 qmgr -l -t unix -u </code>
</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix: </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/postconf</code><code class="bash plain">: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name</code><code class="bash plain">/address</code> <code class="bash plain">support: Address ...rotocol </code>
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix: </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/postconf</code><code class="bash plain">: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name</code><code class="bash plain">/address</code> <code class="bash plain">support: Address ...rotocol </code>
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix: postsuper: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name</code><code class="bash plain">/address</code> <code class="bash plain">support: Address family no...rotocol </code>
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix: </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/postconf</code><code class="bash plain">: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name</code><code class="bash plain">/address</code> <code class="bash plain">support: Address ...rotocol </code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix</code><code class="bash plain">/master</code><code class="bash plain">: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name</code><code class="bash plain">/address</code> <code class="bash plain">support: Address family not s...rotocol </code>
</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix</code><code class="bash plain">/master</code><code class="bash plain">: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name</code><code class="bash plain">/address</code> <code class="bash plain">support: Address family not s...rotocol </code>
</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix</code><code class="bash plain">/master</code><code class="bash plain">: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration </code><code class="bash plain">/etc/postfix</code>
</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com systemd: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent. </code>
</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix</code><code class="bash plain">/qmgr</code><code class="bash plain">: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name</code><code class="bash plain">/address</code> <code class="bash plain">support: Address family not sup...rotocol </code>
</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix</code><code class="bash plain">/pickup</code><code class="bash plain">: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name</code><code class="bash plain">/address</code> <code class="bash plain">support: Address family not s...rotocol </code>
</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show </code><code class="bash keyword">in</code> <code class="bash plain">full.</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool">
<div class="code_n">
<textarea></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
、还有一些SysV服务。它们由chkconfig控制，如下所示</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_338856">
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># chkconfig --list </code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">Note: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native </code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native </code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">systemd configuration. </code>
</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">If you want to list systemd services use </code><code class="bash string">'systemctl list-unit-files'</code><code class="bash plain">. </code>
</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">To see services enabled on particular target use </code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash string">'systemctl list-dependencies '</code><code class="bash plain">. </code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off </code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
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<span><strong>5、更新系统添加其他源</strong></span></p>
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添加其它源</p>
<p>
添加一些有用的外部存储库来安装有用的软件</p>
<p>
【1】安装插件以向每个安装的存储库添加优先级。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># yum -y install yum-plugin-priorities </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 设置官方源的优先级为 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=1/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo</code>
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<p>
【2】添加从Fedora项目提供的EPEL存储库</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># yum -y install epel-release </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 设置优先级 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=5/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 可以通过设置enabled=0，来控制安装软件包时使用相应的源 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># sed -i -e "s/enabled=1/enabled=0/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 如果, 使用下面命令安装软件包 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># yum --enablerepo=epel install </code>
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【3】添加CentOS SCLo软件集合存储库。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># yum -y install centos-release-scl-rh centos-release-scl </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 设置优先级 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=10/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-SCLo-scl.repo </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=10/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-SCLo-scl-rh.repo </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 设置 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># sed -i -e "s/enabled=1/enabled=0/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-SCLo-scl.repo </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># sed -i -e "s/enabled=1/enabled=0/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-SCLo-scl-rh.repo </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 设置, 通过下面命令使用相应源 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># yum --enablerepo=centos-sclo-rh install </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># yum --enablerepo=centos-sclo-sclo install </code>
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<p>
【4】添加Remi的RPM存储库，它提供了许多有用的包</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># yum -y install http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-7.rpm </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 设置优先级 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=10/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/remi-safe.repo</code>
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<p>
<span><strong>6、配置特色的vim</strong></span></p>
<p>
【1】安装vim</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># yum -y install vim-enhanced</code>
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【2】设置别名</p>
<p>
设置命令别名。（适用于以下所有用户，如果您申请某个用户，请在“〜/ .bashrc”中写入相同的设置）</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># vi /etc/profile </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 在最后添加下面一行内容 </code>
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<code class="bash functions">alias</code> <code class="bash functions">vi</code><code class="bash plain">=</code><code class="bash string">'vim'</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># source /etc/profile #重载</code>
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或者</p>
<p>
echo "alias vi='vim'" >> /etc/profile && source /etc/profile</p>
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【3】配置vim，针对所有用户生效修改/etc/vimrc，针对特定用户生效修改~/.vimrc</p>
<p>
主要用语法高亮，插件使用，自动缩进等功能，本文不做详细操作，后续会专门写一篇关于优化vim使用的博文，工欲善其事必先利其器</p>
<p>
<span><strong>7、设置sudo</strong></span></p>
<p>
配置sudo以区分用户的职责，如果一些人共享权限，必手动安装sudo，因为它默认安装，即使“最小安装”</p>
<p>
【1】设置普通用户拥有root的所有权限</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># visudo </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 添加下面一行，使用户“wang”拥有root的所有权限 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">wang ALL=(ALL) ALL </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 普通用户使用root命令 </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 确保用户为 'wang' </code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/bin/cat</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/shadow</code>
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<code class="bash functions">cat</code><code class="bash plain">: </code><code class="bash plain">/etc/shadow</code><code class="bash plain">: Permission denied</code><code class="bash comments"># denied normally </code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">/usr/bin/cat</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/shadow</code>
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<code class="bash plain">[</code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code><code class="bash plain">] password </code><code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">cent:</code><code class="bash comments"># own password </code>
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<code class="bash plain">daemon:*:16231:0:99999:7::: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">adm:*:16231:0:99999:7::: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">lp:*:16231:0:99999:7::: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">... </code>
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<code class="bash plain">... </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 输入wang的密码可以看到执行结果</code>
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<p>
【2】设置用户不能执行危险命令</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># visudo </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 49行: 定义别名SHUTDOWN </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Cmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN = </code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/halt</code><code class="bash plain">, </code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/shutdown</code><code class="bash plain">, </code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/poweroff</code><code class="bash plain">, </code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/reboot</code><code class="bash plain">, </code><code class="bash plain">/sbin/init</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 设置用户wang不能执行别名SHUTDOWN对应的命令 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">wang ALL=(ALL) ALL, !SHUTDOWN </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 确保用户为'wang' </code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">/sbin/shutdown</code> <code class="bash plain">-r now </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Sorry, user cent is not allowed to execute </code><code class="bash string">'/sbin/shutdown -r now'</code> <code class="bash plain">as root on vdevops.com. </code><code class="bash comments"># denied normally</code>
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<p>
【3】创建一个特殊的组，组用户可以执行部分root命令</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># visudo </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 51行: 为管理用户的几个命令设置别名为USERMGR </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Cmnd_Alias USERMGR = </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/useradd</code><code class="bash plain">, </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/userdel</code><code class="bash plain">, </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/usermod</code><code class="bash plain">, </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/bin/passwd</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 最后一行添加 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">%usermgr ALL=(ALL) USERMGR </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># groupadd usermgr </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># usermod -G usermgr wang </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 确保用户为wang </code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">/usr/sbin/useradd</code> <code class="bash plain">testuser </code>
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<code class="bash comments">#输入用户wang的密码，查看创建结果，显示成功 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">$ </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">/usr/bin/passwd</code> <code class="bash plain">testuser </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Changing password </code><code class="bash keyword">for</code> <code class="bash plain">user testuser. </code>
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<code class="bash plain">New UNIX password: </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Retype new UNIX password: </code>
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<code class="bash functions">passwd</code><code class="bash plain">: all authentication tokens updated successfully.</code>
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<p>
【4】设置sudo日志</p>
<p>
sudo的日志保存在/ var / log / secure中，但它中有很多种类的日志。如果你想保持只有sudo的日志在一个文件，设置如下：</p>
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10</div>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># visudo </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 最后一行添加 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">Defaults syslog=local1 </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># vi /etc/rsyslog.conf </code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 在54行修改，添加<span>local1.none</span> </code>
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<code class="bash plain">*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;</code><code class="bash functions">cron</code><code class="bash plain">.none;<span style=</code><code class="bash string">"color:#FF6666;"</code><code class="bash plain">>local1.none<</code><code class="bash plain">/span</code><code class="bash plain">> </code>
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<code class="bash plain">/var/log/messages</code>
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<code class="bash comments"># 添加下面一行内容 </code>
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<code class="bash plain">local1.* </code><code class="bash plain">/var/log/sudo</code><code class="bash plain">.log </code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># systemctl restart rsyslog #重启rsyslog服务</code>
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<p>
以上所述是小编给大家介绍的CentOS 7安装完成后初始化的方法，希望对大家有所帮助，如果大家有任何疑问请给我留言，小编会及时回复大家的。在此也非常感谢大家对服务器之家网站的支持！</p>
<p>
原文链接：http://blog.csdn.net/wh211212/article/details/52923673</p>

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CentOS 7安装完成后初始化的方法