.NET 磁盘管理-技术方案选型

壹伍柒叁 發表於 2026-1-12 23:50:00

在家庭以及企业场景下的网络磁盘产品，使用Iscsi均需要对磁盘进行管理。不同Windows版本、安装第三方软件，导致每个C端用户的运行环境不同，对磁盘的管理带来一定的使用干扰
本文介绍下磁盘管理的几种方案以及存在的一些问题
对磁盘管理主要有以下操作入口/方式：
<ol>
<li>Powershell</li>
<li>Diskpart</li>
<li>WMI</li>
<li>WIN32(IOCTL)</li>
</ol>
下面介绍下四者之间的关系以及所依赖的windows系统服务
<h1>Windows磁盘管理服务依赖层级</h1>
从操作系统角度看，这几种方式编程/操作入口是围绕同一套内核与服务堆栈的不同“壳”，完成套娃封装
从高到低，依次列下windows主要的磁盘相关入口和服务
1. GUI/工具层
MMC - Windows系统磁盘管理工具，如果需要快速查看和操作磁盘分区的话，可以用这个
<img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/685541/202601/685541-20260112154249299-1528163380.png" alt="image" width="529" height="270" loading="lazy">
以及Storage Spaces GUI - Windows系统设置存储管理
<img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/685541/202601/685541-20260112154850543-1013979831.png" alt="image" width="533" height="306" loading="lazy"><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/685541/202601/685541-20260112155107194-71293024.png" alt="image" width="403" height="305" loading="lazy">
这俩个工具主要是使用WMI相关操作来实现
2. 脚本/命令层
Powershell磁盘管理命令
diskpart磁盘管理命令
CIM磁盘管理命令
3. API/管理接口层
WMI服务：Winmgmt（Windows Management Instrumentation），使用Win32_DiskDrive 等
<img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/685541/202601/685541-20260112181124821-2050380879.png" alt="image" loading="lazy">
磁盘管理服务：Virtual Disk，VDS进程名称vds.exe
<img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/685541/202601/685541-20260112180656866-1672546299.png" alt="image" loading="lazy">
磁盘存储服务：Microsoft Storage Spaces SMP
<img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/685541/202601/685541-20260112163817548-1975243303.png" alt="image" loading="lazy">
4. 内核/驱动/IOCTL层
Storage Management Provider：系统组件，不是单独服务可见 IOCTL： Win32API、DevicerIoControl
磁盘类驱动（disk.sys）、卷管理器（volmgr/vdsci）、文件系统驱动（NTFS/ReFS）
而上面说的四种方案，依赖的底层服务：
PowerShell 基于 WMI / Storage Management API封装，依赖的组件最多：Winmgmt、Microsoft Storage Spaces SMP、Storage Service、VDS等 WMI/CIM 有部分是走 VDS / Storage API，有部分直接调用底层驱动，主要依赖：Winmgmt服务
diskpart 内部是调用 VDS / Storage API / IOCTL，依赖相对较少：VDS服务等
Win32 IOCTL 是最底层（用户态可达）的接口，不依赖上层框架
比如下方的WMI服务不存在，会导致powershell磁盘查询不到，WMI磁盘查询不到，但diskpart访问正常：
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre> 1 PS C:\Users\yudong04> Get-Disk
 2 PS C:\Users\yudong04> Get-CimInstance -Namespace root/Microsoft/Windows/Storage -ClassName MSFT_Disk
 3 PS C:\Users\yudong04> diskpart
 4
 5 Microsoft DiskPart 版本 10.0.26100.1150
 6
 7 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.
 8 在计算机上: GIH-D-24762
 9
10 DISKPART> list disk
11
12 磁盘 ###状态 大小可用 DynGpt
13 -----------------------------------------
14 磁盘 0 联机 3726 GB1024 KB *
15 磁盘 1 联机 3726 GB1024 KB *
16 磁盘 2 联机 2794 GB 0 B *
17 磁盘 3 联机 931 GB 0 B *
18 磁盘 4 联机 465 GB1024 KB *
19 磁盘 5 联机 1863 GB 0 B
20 磁盘 6 联机 7452 GB 0 B *</pre>
</div>
还有Microsoft Storage Spaces SMP服务被第三方软件禁用，导致Powershell Get-Disk获取结果为空：
<img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/685541/202601/685541-20260112205453476-213941181.png" alt="image" width="1009" height="554" loading="lazy">
下面对各个模块展开介绍下
<h1>Powershell磁盘管理</h1>
上面说了，PowerShell使用 Storage Management API + 新的 WMI/CIM 类，磁盘命令本质是对这些 WMI 类的包装。层级如下：
PowerShell cmdlet -> MSFT_* WMI 类 (CIM)、WMI服务Winmgmt -> Storage Management Provider -> 内核驱动 (disk.sys, partmgr.sys, volmgr.sys) -> 设备硬件
powershell有以下查找主要命令，
Get-Disk - 查找磁盘
Get-Partition - 查找分区
Get-Volume - 查找卷
Get-Disk | Where-Object -FilterScript {  $_.BusType -Eq "iSCSI" -and $_.SerialNumber -Eq "8fa461f8-9436-4260-8191-789b23859757"} - 查找指定Iscsi协议磁盘
<img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/685541/202601/685541-20260112162810665-890504091.png" alt="image" loading="lazy">
操作磁盘命令，比如初始化GPT磁盘：Initialize-Disk -PartitionStyle GPT -PassThru | New-Partition -UseMaximumSize | Format-Volume -FileSystem:NTFS -NewFileSystemLabel:测试盘 -Confirm:$false -Force
Powershell命令因易用性，非常适合脚本自动化、用户级的使用。但非常与用户环境有关，换个用户或换台机器就经常表现不同，比如：卡很久、超时、直接报错、磁盘盘就是查询不到
几个原因：
WMI / CIM 调用超时
<ul>
<li>WMI 服务卡住、存储驱动响应慢</li>
<li>网络/防火墙导致远程调用超时</li>

</ul>
硬件IO超时
<ul>
<li>坏盘 / 坏 U 盘 / USB 扩展坞质量问题</li>
<li>大量重新尝试 I/O 导致操作整体拖得很长</li>

</ul>
具体场景，发现公司内部某个部门发生powershell命令超时概率很多，因为这些设备都在跑软件压力测试。。。导致磁盘获取命令，很容易超时
还有些特殊情况，服务异常出现的情况比较多。如WMI服务，以下是修复成功案例：
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre> 1 PS C:\Users\yudong04> Get-WmiObject Win32_OperatingSystem
 2 Get-WmiObject : 无效类 “Win32_OperatingSystem”
 3 所在位置行:1 字符: 1
 4 + Get-WmiObject Win32_OperatingSystem
 5 + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 6 + CategoryInfo : InvalidType: (:) [Get-WmiObject], ManagementException
 7 + FullyQualifiedErrorId : GetWMIManagementException,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.GetWmiObjectCommand
 8
 9 PS C:\Users\yudong04> net stop winmgmt /y
10 Windows Management Instrumentation 服务正在停止.
11 Windows Management Instrumentation 服务已成功停止。
12
13 PS C:\Users\yudong04> winmgmt /resetrepository
14 WMI 存储库已重置
15
16 PS C:\Users\yudong04> Get-WmiObject Win32_OperatingSystem
17
18
19 SystemDirectory : C:\WINDOWS\system32
20 Organization : Online Game Dept
21 BuildNumber : 26100
22 RegisteredUser: Windows 用户
23 SerialNumber : 00329-00000-00003-AA238
24 Version : 10.0.26100</pre>
</div>
还有Microsoft Storage Spaces SMP服务，如果Get-Disk拿不到磁盘，定位客户问题发现很大可能是这个服务异常了。重启一下即可
<h1>WMI/CIM磁盘管理</h1>
WMI相关命令，需要拆分为俩部分：WIN32_*经典类，以及MSFT_*新的StorageWMI类
经典类：
<ul>
<li>Win32_DiskDrive</li>
<li>Win32_DiskPartition</li>
<li>Win32_LogicalDisk</li>
<li>Win32_Volume</li>
</ul>
早期设计，很多是通过内核 API + IOCTL 和 VDS 实现。主要用于查询，修改操作有限
依赖服务：Winmgmt、RPCSS（RPC服务）、以及少量依赖VDS
StorageWmi类
<ul>
<li>MSFT_Disk</li>
<li>MSFT_Partition</li>
<li>MSFT_Volume</li>
<li>MSFT_StoragePool</li>
<li>MSFT_VirtualDisk</li>
</ul>
这是Windows8之后的新存储管理WMI接口，详见官网文档：Storage Management API Classes - Windows drivers | Microsoft Learn, 依赖层级：
WMI (MSFT_* 类) -> Storage Management Provider -> IOCTL -> disk.sys / partmgr.sys / ...
具体依赖的服务：Winmgmt（WMI 服务）
WMI 是“管理数据模型 + 接口”，本身不是一个磁盘管理“方案”，而是很多方案的基础接口。相对Powershell Storage管理，算是比较稳定和依赖较少的了
直接使用.NET通过WMI获取详细的磁盘列表数据，代码如下：
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre> 1 public OperateResult<List<LocalDisk>> GetDisks()
 2 {
 3 var disks = new List<LocalDisk>();
 4 try
 5 {
 6 // Win32_DiskDrive: 物理磁盘
 7 using (var searcher = new ManagementObjectSearcher("SELECT * FROM Win32_DiskDrive"))
 8 using (var driveCollection = searcher.Get())
 9 {
10 foreach (ManagementObject drive in driveCollection)
11 {
12 var diskInfo = new LocalDisk();
13
14 // 1. 磁盘编号 PhysicalDriveN
15 // Win32_DiskDrive.DeviceID 一般为 "\\.\PHYSICALDRIVE0"
16 var deviceId = (drive["DeviceID"] as string) ?? string.Empty;
17 var diskNumber = ParsePhysicalDriveNumber(deviceId);
18 diskInfo.Number = diskNumber;
19
20 // 2. 序列号 (不同厂商格式不统一；有时需要 Win32_PhysicalMedia)
21 diskInfo.SerialNumber = (drive["SerialNumber"] as string)?.Trim() ?? string.Empty;
22
23 // 3. DeviceName
24 diskInfo.DeviceName = (drive["Model"] as string)?.Trim() ?? string.Empty;
25
26 // 4. 只读/在线状态（WMI 并没有非常标准的字段，这里用粗略映射）
27 // Win32_DiskDrive.Status: "OK" / "Error" / "Degraded" ...
28 diskInfo.IsOffline = GetOffline(diskNumber);
29
30 // 没有直接 readonly 标记，先默认为 false，
31 // 如需更精确可以通过 Win32_Volume 或 DeviceIoControl 获取。
32 diskInfo.IsReadOnly = GetReadonly(diskNumber);
33
34 // 5. 总线类型（没有 STORAGE_BUS_TYPE 枚举，使用 InterfaceType 粗略映射）
35 var interfaceType = (drive["InterfaceType"] as string)?.Trim();
36 diskInfo.BusType = MapBusType(interfaceType, diskInfo.DeviceName);
37
38 // 6. 磁盘容量 (字节 -> GB)
39 // Win32_DiskDrive.Size 为字节数（string）
40 if (drive["Size"] != null && long.TryParse(drive["Size"].ToString(), out long sizeBytes))
41 {
42 diskInfo.DiskSize = sizeBytes;
43 }
44
45 // 7. 获取挂载点及已用容量，通过 3 张 WMI 关联表：
46 // Win32_DiskDrive -> Win32_DiskDriveToDiskPartition -> Win32_DiskPartition ->
47 // Win32_LogicalDiskToPartition -> Win32_LogicalDisk
48 FillMountPathsAndUsedSize(diskInfo, drive);
49 disks.Add(diskInfo);
50
51 diskInfo.Tag = GetVolumeLabel(diskInfo.MountPaths.FirstOrDefault());
52 }
53 }
54
55 return OperateResult<List<LocalDisk>>.ToSuccess(disks.OrderBy(i => i.Number).ToList());
56 }
57 catch (Exception ex)
58 {
59 return OperateResult<List<LocalDisk>>.ToError(ex.Message);
60 }
61 }</pre>
</div>
附带的一些属性获取函数：
<div class="cnblogs_code"><img src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" id="code_img_closed_ac2201cc-0955-4850-bc5f-4794df011a32" class="code_img_closed"><img src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" id="code_img_opened_ac2201cc-0955-4850-bc5f-4794df011a32" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_ac2201cc-0955-4850-bc5f-4794df011a32" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>1 private int ParsePhysicalDriveNumber(string deviceId)
2 {
3 // "\\.\PHYSICALDRIVE0" -> 0
4 if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(deviceId))
5 return -1;
6
7 var upper = deviceId.ToUpperInvariant();
8 var idx = upper.LastIndexOf("PHYSICALDRIVE", StringComparison.Ordinal);
9 if (idx < 0) return -1;
 10
 11 var numPart = upper.Substring(idx + "PHYSICALDRIVE".Length);
 12 if (int.TryParse(numPart, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var num))
 13 return num;
 14
 15 return -1;
 16 }
 17
 18 private StorageBusType MapBusType(string interfaceType, string deviceName)
 19 {
 20 if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(interfaceType))
 21 return StorageBusType.Unknown;
 22
 23 switch (interfaceType.ToUpperInvariant())
 24 {
 25 case "SCSI":
 26 if (deviceName.Contains("SCSI"))
 27 {
 28 return StorageBusType.Iscsi;
 29 }
 30 return StorageBusType.Scsi;
 31 case "IDE":
 32 case "ATA":
 33 return StorageBusType.Ata;
 34 case "USB":
 35 return StorageBusType.Usb;
 36 // 可根据需要扩展映射
 37 default:
 38 return StorageBusType.Unknown;
 39 }
 40 }
 41
 42 /// <summary>
 43 /// 填充 MountPaths（盘符）和 DiskUsedSize（GB）
 44 /// </summary>
 45 private OperateResult FillMountPathsAndUsedSize(LocalDisk diskInfo, ManagementObject diskDrive)
 46 {
 47 long totalUsedBytes = 0;
 48
 49 // 通过 Win32_DiskDriveToDiskPartition 关联到分区
 50 using (var partitionRel = new ManagementObjectSearcher(
 51 "ASSOCIATORS OF {Win32_DiskDrive.DeviceID='" + diskDrive["DeviceID"] +
 52 "'} WHERE AssocClass = Win32_DiskDriveToDiskPartition"))
 53 using (var partitions = partitionRel.Get())
 54 {
 55 foreach (ManagementObject partition in partitions)
 56 {
 57 // 通过 Win32_LogicalDiskToPartition 关联到逻辑磁盘（盘符）
 58 using (var logicalRel = new ManagementObjectSearcher(
 59 "ASSOCIATORS OF {Win32_DiskPartition.DeviceID='" + partition["DeviceID"] +
 60 "'} WHERE AssocClass = Win32_LogicalDiskToPartition"))
 61 using (var logicalDisks = logicalRel.Get())
 62 {
 63 foreach (ManagementObject logicalDisk in logicalDisks)
 64 {
 65 // 计算已用空间
 66 if (logicalDisk["Size"] != null &&
 67 logicalDisk["FreeSpace"] != null &&
 68 long.TryParse(logicalDisk["Size"].ToString(), out long volSize) &&
 69 long.TryParse(logicalDisk["FreeSpace"].ToString(), out long free))
 70 {
 71 totalUsedBytes += (volSize - free);
 72 }
 73 }
 74 }
 75 }
 76 }
 77
 78 diskInfo.DiskUsedSize =totalUsedBytes;
 79
 80 try
 81 {
 82 var paths = GetAccessPaths(diskInfo.Number);
 83 var filtedPaths = paths.Where(i => !i.StartsWith(@"\\?\Volume")).ToList();
 84 diskInfo.MountPaths = filtedPaths;
 85 return OperateResult.ToSuccess();
 86 }
 87 catch (Exception e)
 88 {
 89 return OperateResult.ToError(e);
 90 }
 91 }
 92 /// <summary>
 93 /// 获取磁盘的所有访问路径
 94 /// </summary>
 95 private List<string> GetAccessPaths(int diskNumber)
 96 {
 97 ManagementScope scope = new ManagementScope(@"\\.\root\Microsoft\Windows\Storage");
 98 scope.Connect();
 99 string query = $"SELECT * FROM MSFT_Partition WHERE DiskNumber = {diskNumber}";
100 using ManagementObjectSearcher searcher = new ManagementObjectSearcher(scope, new ObjectQuery(query));
101 var pathList = new List<string>();
102 foreach (var partition in searcher.Get().Cast<ManagementObject>())
103 {
104 // 获取 AccessPaths 属性（数组）
105 var accessPaths = partition["AccessPaths"] as string[];
106 if (accessPaths == null)
107 {
108 continue;
109 }
110 pathList.AddRange(accessPaths);
111 }
112 return pathList;
113 }</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
遍历磁盘列表，4块盘耗时接近1s：
<img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/685541/202601/685541-20260112202253746-677311477.png" alt="image" loading="lazy">
<h1>DiskPart磁盘管理</h1>
diskpart 是原生 Win32 命令行工具，内部大致通过：
<ul>
<li>VDS / Storage Management API（老系统）</li>
<li>新系统上，一部分功能由新的 Storage API 接管</li>
<li>再往下还是 IOCTL 调用内核驱动</li>
</ul>
调用层级如下，diskpart.exe -> VDS / Storage Management API -> 内核驱动 (disk.sys, partmgr.sys, volmgr.sys) -> 设备硬件
diskpart常用命令列表：
<ul>
<li>list disk</li>
<li>select disk 1</li>
<li>detail disk</li>
<li>list partition</li>
<li>list volume</li>

</ul>
<img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/685541/202601/685541-20260112202413306-148039174.png" alt="image" loading="lazy">
DiskPart对WMI并不强依赖，基本上依赖服务就一个Virtual Disk了，操作也比较简单。但缺点也比较明显，访问性能比较差、磁盘操作使用Powersehell调用diskpart命令基本也在s级以上
<h1>Win32 IOCTL磁盘管理</h1>
IOCTL是指通过直接调用 Windows API DeviceIoControl 对磁盘、卷、文件句柄发送控制码：
<ul>
<li>IOCTL_DISK_*</li>
<li>IOCTL_STORAGE_*</li>
<li>FSCTL_*（针对文件系统）</li>

</ul>
IOCTL文档：deviceIoControl 函数 (ioapiset.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Learn、Winioctl.h 标头 - Win32 apps | Microsoft Learn
磁盘管理详细文档：磁盘管理 - Win32 apps | Microsoft Learn
WIN32方案，不依赖 VDS / WMI 等上层框架
仅依赖：
<ul>
<li>Win32 子系统 + 内核 I/O 栈</li>
<li>对应的设备驱动（disk.sys, storport.sys, nvme.sys 等）</li>

</ul>
需要基于WIN32API一层层处理细节，比如获取磁盘列表：
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre> 1 /// <summary>
 2 /// 通过磁盘编号获取序列号SerialNumber
 3 /// </summary>
 4 /// <param name="diskNumber">磁盘编号</param>
 5 /// <param name="volumeMaps"></param>
 6 /// <returns></returns>
 7 private OperateResult<LocalDisk> GetDiskInfoByDiskNumber(int diskNumber, Dictionary<int, List<string>> volumeMaps)
 8 {
 9 //逐个尝试 PhysicalDrive0..N
10 string physicalDrive = @"\\.\PhysicalDrive" + diskNumber;
11 IntPtr hDisk = CreateFile(
12 physicalDrive,
13 GENERIC_READ,
14 FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
15 IntPtr.Zero,
16 OPEN_EXISTING,
17 0,
18 IntPtr.Zero);
19 try
20 {
21 // 不存在这个物理盘（或者无权限）,忽略此异常
22 if (hDisk == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
23 {
24 return OperateResult<LocalDisk>.ToSuccess();
25 }
26 var diskInfo = new LocalDisk();
27 diskInfo.Number = diskNumber;
28
29 //获取磁盘基础信息
30 var getDiskPropertiesResult = GetDiskProperties(hDisk);
31 if (!getDiskPropertiesResult.Success)
32 {
33 return OperateResult<LocalDisk>.ToError($"Get disk {physicalDrive} properties failed, {getDiskPropertiesResult.Message}", getDiskPropertiesResult.Exception, getDiskPropertiesResult.Code);
34 }
35 var diskProperties = getDiskPropertiesResult.Data;
36 diskInfo.SerialNumber = diskProperties.SerialNumber;
37 diskInfo.DeviceName = diskProperties.DeviceName;
38 diskInfo.BusType = diskProperties.BusType;
39
40 //是否只读/联机
41 var diskAttributesResult = GetDiskAttributes(hDisk);
42 if (!diskAttributesResult.Success)
43 {
44 return OperateResult<LocalDisk>.ToError($"Get disk {diskProperties.DeviceName} attributes failed, {diskAttributesResult.Message}", diskAttributesResult.Exception, diskAttributesResult.Code);
45 }
46 var diskStorageAttributes = diskAttributesResult.Data;
47 diskInfo.IsReadOnly = diskStorageAttributes.IsReadOnly;
48 diskInfo.IsOffline = diskStorageAttributes.IsOffline;
49
50 //磁盘容量
51 var getDiskSizeResult = GetDiskSize(hDisk);
52 diskInfo.DiskSize = getDiskSizeResult.Data;
53
54 //获取分区信息
55 var partitionInfoResult = GetPartitionInfo(hDisk);
56 if (!partitionInfoResult.Success)
57 {
58 return OperateResult<LocalDisk>.ToError($"Get disk {diskProperties.DeviceName} partition failed, {partitionInfoResult.Message}", partitionInfoResult.Exception, partitionInfoResult.Code);
59 }
60 var diskPartitionInfo = partitionInfoResult.Data;
61 diskInfo.PartitionStyle = (DiskPartitionStyle)diskPartitionInfo.PartitionStyle;
62 diskInfo.PartitionCount = diskPartitionInfo.PartitionCount;
63 //基础数据区分大小
64 diskInfo.DiskAllocateSize = diskPartitionInfo.Partitions.FirstOrDefault(i => i.PartitionType.ToUpper() == "EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7")?.PartitionLength ?? 0;
65
66 //挂载路径
67 if (volumeMaps.TryGetValue(diskNumber, out var mounts) && mounts != null)
68 {
69 diskInfo.MountPaths = mounts;
70 }
71 //获取卷标名称
72 if (diskInfo.MountPaths.Any())
73 {
74 //通过任意一个mountPath获取
75 var mountPath = diskInfo.MountPaths.First();
76 var getVolumeInfoResult = GetVolumeInfo(mountPath);
77 diskInfo.Tag = getVolumeInfoResult.Data?.VolumeLabel ?? string.Empty;
78 diskInfo.FileSystemType = getVolumeInfoResult.Data?.FileSystemType ?? string.Empty;
79 }
80 //磁盘已使用大小
81 if (diskInfo.MountPaths.Any())
82 {
83 long diskUsedSize = 0L;
84 //通过所有mountPath相加,获取磁盘已使用大小
85 foreach (var mountPath in diskInfo.MountPaths)
86 {
87 var usageByMountPathResult = GetDiskSizeUsageByMountPath(mountPath);
88 diskUsedSize += usageByMountPathResult.Data?.UsedBytes ?? 0;
89 }
90 diskInfo.DiskUsedSize = diskUsedSize;
91 }
92 return OperateResult<LocalDisk>.ToSuccess(diskInfo);
93 }
94 finally
95 {
96 CloseHandle(hDisk);
97 }
98 }</pre>
</div>
其中磁盘属性获取细节，就不展示了：
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<pre>1 /// <summary>
2 /// 获取所有磁盘
3 /// </summary>
4 /// <returns></returns>
5 public OperateResult<List<LocalDisk>> GetDisks()
6 {
7 // 1. 先拿卷 -> 卷所属的物理磁盘号 + 盘符/挂载点
8 var getVolumesResult = GetAllVolumeMountPaths();
9 if (!getVolumesResult.Success)
 10 {
 11 return OperateResult<List<LocalDisk>>.ToError(getVolumesResult.Message, getVolumesResult.Exception, getVolumesResult.Code);
 12 }
 13 var volumeMaps = getVolumesResult.Data;
 14
 15 // 2. 获取磁盘列表
 16 var diskList = new List<LocalDisk>();
 17 // 根据卷信息推一个最大磁盘号，同时至少查询16 个
 18 int maxDiskNumberCount = Math.Max(volumeMaps.Max(i => i.Key), 16);
 19 for (int diskNumber = 0; diskNumber <= maxDiskNumberCount; diskNumber++)
 20 {
 21 var getDiskResult = GetDiskInfoByDiskNumber(diskNumber, volumeMaps);
 22 if (!getDiskResult.Success)
 23 {
 24 //结束查询
 25 if (diskNumber == maxDiskNumberCount - 1)
 26 {
 27 return getDiskResult.ToResult<List<LocalDisk>>();
 28 }
 29 //继续查询其它
 30 continue;
 31 }
 32 //可能为空
 33 if (getDiskResult.Data == null)
 34 {
 35 continue;
 36 }
 37 diskList.Add(getDiskResult.Data);
 38 }
 39
 40 return OperateResult<List<LocalDisk>>.ToSuccess(diskList);
 41 }
 42
 43 /// <summary>
 44 /// 获取所有磁盘卷的挂载路径信息
 45 /// <remarks>通过枚举卷，并使用 IOCTL_STORAGE_GET_DEVICE_NUMBER 映射到设备号。</remarks>
 46 /// </summary>
 47 /// <returns>PhysicalDiskNumber -> 对应的所有挂载路径（盘符、挂载点）</returns>
 48 private OperateResult<Dictionary<int, List<string>>> GetAllVolumeMountPaths()
 49 {
 50 var diskDict = new Dictionary<int, List<string>>();
 51
 52 int maxPath = 1024;
 53 var volNameSb = new StringBuilder(maxPath);
 54 IntPtr findVolumeHandle = FindFirstVolumeW(volNameSb, (uint)volNameSb.Capacity);
 55 try
 56 {
 57 if (findVolumeHandle == (IntPtr)(-1))
 58 {
 59 return OperateResult<Dictionary<int, List<string>>>.ToSuccess(diskDict);
 60 }
 61 while (true)
 62 {
 63 string volumeName = volNameSb.ToString();
 64 // volumeName: \\?\Volume{GUID}\
 65
 66 // 打开卷设备
 67 string volumePathForDevice = volumeName.TrimEnd('\\'); // \\?\Volume{GUID}
 68 IntPtr hVolume = CreateFile(
 69 volumePathForDevice,
 70 0, // 只需要 IOCTL，不读写
 71 FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
 72 IntPtr.Zero,
 73 OPEN_EXISTING,
 74 0,
 75 IntPtr.Zero);
 76
 77 uint? diskNumber = null;
 78
 79 if (hVolume != (IntPtr)(-1))
 80 {
 81 // 取 STORAGE_DEVICE_NUMBER
 82 uint size = (uint)Marshal.SizeOf<STORAGE_DEVICE_NUMBER>();
 83 IntPtr outBuf = Marshal.AllocHGlobal((int)size);
 84 try
 85 {
 86 if (DeviceIoControl(
 87 hVolume,
 88 IOCTL_STORAGE_GET_DEVICE_NUMBER,
 89 IntPtr.Zero,
 90 0,
 91 outBuf,
 92 size,
 93 out uint bytesReturned,
 94 IntPtr.Zero))
 95 {
 96 STORAGE_DEVICE_NUMBER devNum = Marshal.PtrToStructure<STORAGE_DEVICE_NUMBER>(outBuf);
 97 // DeviceType 为 FILE_DEVICE_DISK(0x07) 一般表示物理磁盘
 98 diskNumber = devNum.DeviceNumber;
 99 }
100 }
101 finally
102 {
103 Marshal.FreeHGlobal(outBuf);
104 CloseHandle(hVolume);
105 }
106 }
107
108 if (diskNumber.HasValue)
109 {
110 if (!diskDict.TryGetValue((int)diskNumber.Value, out var list))
111 {
112 list = new List<string>();
113 diskDict[(int)diskNumber.Value] = list;
114 }
115 // 获取卷的挂载路径列表（可能有多个）
116 var getMountPathsResult = GetMountPathsForVolume(volumeName);
117 if (!getMountPathsResult.Success)
118 {
119 return OperateResult<Dictionary<int, List<string>>>.ToError($"磁盘{diskNumber}卷挂载路径获取失败, {getMountPathsResult.Message}", getMountPathsResult.Exception, getMountPathsResult.Code);
120 }
121 foreach (var mp in getMountPathsResult.Data)
122 {
123 if (!list.Contains(mp))
124 list.Add(mp);
125 }
126 }
127
128 // 下一卷
129 volNameSb.Clear();
130 volNameSb.EnsureCapacity(maxPath);
131
132 if (!FindNextVolumeW(findVolumeHandle, volNameSb, (uint)volNameSb.Capacity))
133 {
134 int err = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();
135 // ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES
136 if (err == 18)
137 break;
138
139 return OperateResult<Dictionary<int, List<string>>>.ToWin32Error("query disk volumes failed", err);
140 }
141 }
142 }
143 catch (Exception ex)
144 {
145 return OperateResult<Dictionary<int, List<string>>>.ToError("query disk volumes error", ex);
146 }
147 finally
148 {
149 FindVolumeClose(findVolumeHandle);
150 }
151 return OperateResult<Dictionary<int, List<string>>>.ToSuccess(diskDict);
152 }
153
154 /// <summary>
155 /// 获取分区信息
156 /// </summary>
157 /// <param name="hDisk"></param>
158 /// <returns></returns>
159 private OperateResult<DiskPartitionInfo> GetPartitionInfo(IntPtr hDisk)
160 {
161 int outSize = Marshal.SizeOf<DRIVE_LAYOUT_INFORMATION_EX>() + 128 * 64; // 给多一点空间
162 IntPtr outBuffer = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(outSize);
163
164 try
165 {
166 if (!DeviceIoControl(
167 hDisk,
168 IOCTL_DISK_GET_DRIVE_LAYOUT_EX,
169 IntPtr.Zero,
170 0,
171 outBuffer,
172 (uint)outSize,
173 out _,
174 IntPtr.Zero))
175 {
176 return OperateResult<DiskPartitionInfo>.ToWin32Error("DeviceIoControl.IOCTL_DISK_GET_DRIVE_LAYOUT_EX failed", Marshal.GetLastWin32Error());
177 }
178
179 // 只取结构开头
180 var layout = Marshal.PtrToStructure<DRIVE_LAYOUT_INFORMATION_EX_HEADER>(outBuffer);
181 var partitionInfo = new DiskPartitionInfo()
182 {
183 PartitionCount = (int)layout.PartitionCount,
184 PartitionStyle = layout.PartitionStyle,
185 DiskId = layout.Gpt.DiskId,
186 StartingUsableOffset = layout.Gpt.StartingUsableOffset,
187 UsableLength = layout.Gpt.UsableLength,
188 MaxPartitionCount = layout.Gpt.MaxPartitionCount
189 };
190 // 指向第一个 PARTITION_INFORMATION_EX 的指针：
191
192 IntPtr pCurrent = IntPtr.Add(outBuffer, Marshal.SizeOf<DRIVE_LAYOUT_INFORMATION_EX>());
193 int partSize = Marshal.SizeOf<PARTITION_INFORMATION_EX>();
194 for (int i = 0; i < layout.PartitionCount; i++)
195 {
196 var part = Marshal.PtrToStructure<PARTITION_INFORMATION_EX>(pCurrent);
197 var item = new PartitionEntryInfo
198 {
199 PartitionNumber = (int)part.PartitionNumber,
200 StartingOffset = part.StartingOffset,
201 PartitionLength = part.PartitionLength,
202 PartitionType = part.Gpt.PartitionType.ToString(),
203 PartitionName = part.Gpt.Name
204 };
205
206 partitionInfo.Partitions.Add(item);
207 pCurrent = IntPtr.Add(pCurrent, partSize);
208 }
209
210 return OperateResult<DiskPartitionInfo>.ToSuccess(partitionInfo);
211 }
212 finally
213 {
214 Marshal.FreeHGlobal(outBuffer);
215 }
216 }
217
218 /// <summary>
219 /// 获取磁盘静态属性
220 /// </summary>
221 /// <param name="hDisk"></param>
222 /// <returns></returns>
223 private OperateResult<DiskStorageProperty> GetDiskProperties(IntPtr hDisk)
224 {
225 var storageProperties = new DiskStorageProperty();
226 var query = new STORAGE_PROPERTY_QUERY
227 {
228 PropertyId = STORAGE_PROPERTY_ID.StorageDeviceProperty,
229 QueryType = STORAGE_QUERY_TYPE.PropertyStandardQuery,
230 AdditionalParameters = new byte[1]
231 };
232 uint allocSize = 1024;
233 IntPtr buffer = Marshal.AllocHGlobal((int)allocSize);
234 try
235 {
236 if (!DeviceIoControl(
237 hDisk,
238 IOCTL_STORAGE_QUERY_PROPERTY,
239 ref query,
240 (uint)Marshal.SizeOf<STORAGE_PROPERTY_QUERY>(),
241 buffer,
242 allocSize,
243 out var bytesReturned,
244 IntPtr.Zero))
245 {
246 //读取失败
247 int err = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();
248 if (err == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER && bytesReturned > allocSize)
249 {
250 // 重新分配更大缓冲区
251 Marshal.FreeHGlobal(buffer);
252 allocSize = bytesReturned;
253 buffer = Marshal.AllocHGlobal((int)allocSize);
254 if (!DeviceIoControl(
255 hDisk,
256 IOCTL_STORAGE_QUERY_PROPERTY,
257 ref query,
258 (uint)Marshal.SizeOf<STORAGE_PROPERTY_QUERY>(),
259 buffer,
260 allocSize,
261 out bytesReturned,
262 IntPtr.Zero))
263 {
264 //重新分配缓冲区，读取失败
265 return OperateResult<DiskStorageProperty>.ToWin32Error("DeviceIoControl.IOCTL_STORAGE_QUERY_PROPERTY execute failed after adjust buffer size", Marshal.GetLastWin32Error());
266 }
267 }
268 else
269 {
270 return OperateResult<DiskStorageProperty>.ToWin32Error("DeviceIoControl.IOCTL_STORAGE_QUERY_PROPERTY execute failed", err);
271 }
272 }
273
274 // 至少要包含 Version/Size/几个 offset
275 if (bytesReturned < 24)
276 return OperateResult<DiskStorageProperty>.ToError($"DeviceIoControl.IOCTL_STORAGE_QUERY_PROPERTY execute success but bytesReturned {bytesReturned} is lower than 24");
277
278 // --- 读取头部固定字段（按官方 C 结构手工偏移）---
279 // Size (ULONG) at offset 0x04
280 uint size = (uint)Marshal.ReadInt32(buffer, 4);
281 if (size > bytesReturned) size = bytesReturned;
282
283 // 磁盘序列号，同 Get-Disk 的 SerialNumber
284 uint serialOffset = (uint)Marshal.ReadInt32(buffer, 0x18);
285 string serialRaw = ReadAnsiStringSafe(buffer, size, serialOffset);
286 string serialClean = CleanSerialString(serialRaw);
287 storageProperties.SerialNumber = serialClean;
288
289 // 磁盘厂商/名称相关
290 uint vendorOffset = (uint)Marshal.ReadInt32(buffer, 0x0C);
291 uint productOffset = (uint)Marshal.ReadInt32(buffer, 0x10);
292 uint revisionOffset = (uint)Marshal.ReadInt32(buffer, 0x14);
293 storageProperties.Vendor = ReadAnsiStringSafe(buffer, size, vendorOffset);
294 storageProperties.Product = ReadAnsiStringSafe(buffer, size, productOffset);
295 storageProperties.Version = ReadAnsiStringSafe(buffer, size, revisionOffset);
296 storageProperties.DeviceName = $"{storageProperties.Vendor} {storageProperties.Product}";
297 // BusType
298 uint busTypeOffset = (uint)Marshal.ReadInt32(buffer, 0x1C);
299 storageProperties.BusType = Enum.IsDefined(typeof(StorageBusType), (int)busTypeOffset)
300 ? (StorageBusType)busTypeOffset
301 : StorageBusType.Unknown;
302 return OperateResult<DiskStorageProperty>.ToSuccess(storageProperties);
303 }
304 catch (Exception ex)
305 {
306 return OperateResult<DiskStorageProperty>.ToError(ex);
307 }
308 finally
309 {
310 Marshal.FreeHGlobal(buffer);
311 }
312 }
313
314 /// <summary>
315 /// 获取磁盘大小（Bytes）
316 /// </summary>
317 /// <param name="hDisk"></param>
318 /// <returns></returns>
319 public OperateResult<long> GetDiskSize(IntPtr hDisk)
320 {
321 // 用一个足够大的缓冲区，一般 1024 字节足够
322 const int bufferSize = 1024;
323 IntPtr buffer = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(bufferSize);
324 try
325 {
326 bool ok = DeviceIoControl(
327 hDisk,
328 IOCTL_DISK_GET_DRIVE_GEOMETRY_EX,
329 IntPtr.Zero,
330 0,
331 buffer,
332 (uint)bufferSize,
333 out var bytesReturned,
334 IntPtr.Zero);
335 if (!ok)
336 return OperateResult<long>.ToError("DeviceIoControl.IOCTL_DISK_GET_DRIVE_GEOMETRY_EX failed", Marshal.GetLastWin32Error());
337 if (bytesReturned < Marshal.SizeOf<DISK_GEOMETRY_EX>())
338 return OperateResult<long>.ToSuccess(0);
339
340 var geomEx = Marshal.PtrToStructure<DISK_GEOMETRY_EX>(buffer);
341 return OperateResult<long>.ToSuccess(geomEx.DiskSize);
342 }
343 catch (Exception e)
344 {
345 return OperateResult<long>.ToError(e);
346 }
347 finally
348 {
349 Marshal.FreeHGlobal(buffer);
350 }
351 }
352
353 /// <summary>
354 /// 获取磁盘扩展属性
355 /// </summary>
356 /// <param name="hDisk"></param>
357 /// <returns></returns>
358 private OperateResult<DiskStorageAttribues> GetDiskAttributes(IntPtr hDisk)
359 {
360 try
361 {
362 int getSize = Marshal.SizeOf<GET_DISK_ATTRIBUTES>();
363 var getAttr = new GET_DISK_ATTRIBUTES
364 {
365 Version = (uint)getSize, // 关键：Version = sizeof(GET_DISK_ATTRIBUTES)
366 Reserved1 = 0,
367 Attributes = 0
368 };
369
370 if (!DeviceIoControl_DiskAttributes(
371 hDisk,
372 IOCTL_DISK_GET_DISK_ATTRIBUTES,
373 ref getAttr,
374 (uint)getSize,
375 ref getAttr,
376 (uint)getSize,
377 out _,
378 IntPtr.Zero))
379 {
380 return OperateResult<DiskStorageAttribues>.ToWin32Error("IOCTL_DISK_GET_DISK_ATTRIBUTES 失败", Marshal.GetLastWin32Error());
381 }
382 //磁盘扩展属性
383 var diskStorageAttributes = new DiskStorageAttribues();
384 diskStorageAttributes.IsOffline = (getAttr.Attributes & DISK_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINE) != 0;
385 diskStorageAttributes.IsReadOnly = (getAttr.Attributes & DISK_ATTRIBUTE_READ_ONLY) != 0;
386 return OperateResult<DiskStorageAttribues>.ToSuccess(diskStorageAttributes);
387 }
388 catch (Exception ex)
389 {
390 return OperateResult<DiskStorageAttribues>.ToError(ex);
391 }
392 }
393
394 /// <summary>
395 /// 通过任意挂载路径（盘符、目录挂载点、Volume GUID）获取卷大小与使用量
396 /// </summary>
397 private OperateResult<DiskSizeUsage> GetDiskSizeUsageByMountPath(string mountPath)
398 {
399 if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(mountPath))
400 {
401 return OperateResult<DiskSizeUsage>.ToError($"parameter {nameof(mountPath)} is empty");
402 }
403
404 // 确保路径末尾有反斜杠对某些场景更稳妥
405 if (!mountPath.EndsWith("\\"))
406 mountPath += "\\";
407
408 if (!GetDiskFreeSpaceExW(mountPath,
409 out var freeAvailable,
410 out var totalBytes,
411 out var totalFreeBytes))
412 {
413 return OperateResult<DiskSizeUsage>.ToError("GetDiskFreeSpaceExW failed", Marshal.GetLastWin32Error());
414 }
415
416 return OperateResult<DiskSizeUsage>.ToSuccess(new DiskSizeUsage((long)totalBytes, (long)totalFreeBytes));
417 }
418
419 /// <summary>
420 /// 通过挂载路径获取卷信息
421 /// </summary>
422 /// <param name="mountPath">盘符, e.g. "E:\\"</param>
423 /// <returns></returns>
424 private OperateResult<VolumeInfo> GetVolumeInfo(string mountPath)
425 {
426 var volumeName = new StringBuilder(256);
427 var fileSystemType = new StringBuilder(256);
428
429 if (!mountPath.EndsWith("\\"))
430 mountPath += "\\";
431 var success = GetVolumeInformationW(
432 mountPath,
433 volumeName, volumeName.Capacity,
434 out _, out _, out _,
435 fileSystemType, fileSystemType.Capacity);
436 if (!success)
437 {
438 int err = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();
439 return OperateResult<VolumeInfo>.ToWin32Error($"GetVolumeInformationW get {mountPath} volume info failed", err);
440 }
441
442 var volumeInfo = new VolumeInfo()
443 {
444 VolumeLabel = volumeName.ToString(),
445 FileSystemType = fileSystemType.ToString()
446 };
447 return OperateResult<VolumeInfo>.ToSuccess(volumeInfo);
448 }
449
450 /// <summary>
451 /// 通过挂载路径获取磁盘信息
452 /// <para>先获取磁盘列表，再筛选</para>
453 /// </summary>
454 /// <param name="mountPath"></param>
455 /// <returns></returns>
456 public OperateResult<LocalDisk> GetDiskByMountPath(string mountPath)
457 {
458 var getDisksResult = GetDisks();
459 if (!getDisksResult.Success)
460 {
461 return getDisksResult.ToResult<LocalDisk>();
462 }
463
464 var iscsiDisks = getDisksResult.Data.FirstOrDefault(i => i.MountPaths.Contains(mountPath));
465 return OperateResult<LocalDisk>.ToSuccess(iscsiDisks);
466 }</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
同样的遍历磁盘列表（4块），首次耗时20ms，二次查询仅7ms：
<img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/685541/202601/685541-20260112203649643-1418202473.png" alt="image" loading="lazy">
封装WIN32，异常码只有基础的Win32Exception异常码，不像Powershell Storage有相对上层更多的业务异常码和异常描述那么好理解。
比如句柄CreateFile失败,GetLastError异常码是 0x00000002，转换Win32Exception描述：“系统找不到指定的文件”。鬼知道是啥问题。。。结合上下文，才知道原来磁盘IsOffline状态是无法查找卷、也无法创建分区访问句柄
 
回到.NET磁盘管理方案选型，
没有复杂的C端环境的话、仅运维等固定场景，磁盘管理操作可以使用Powersshell
对磁盘操作要求稳定、但又想快速实现功能，较少的磁盘功能调用，推荐WMI
对磁盘操作要求稳定、性能要求高，做产品级的存储软件，推荐WIN32
 
磁盘相关的其它文章：
Windows 本地虚拟磁盘 - 唐宋元明清2188 - 博客园
Windows 网络存储ISCSI介绍 - 唐宋元明清2188 - 博客园 
网络虚拟存储 Iscsi实现方案 - 唐宋元明清2188 - 博客园

</div>
<div id="MySignature" role="contentinfo">
<div>作者：唐宋元明清2188</div>
<div>出处：http://www.cnblogs.com/kybs0/</div>
<div>让学习成为习惯，假设明天就有重大机遇等着你，你准备好了么</div>
<div>本文版权归作者和博客园共有，欢迎转载，但未经作者同意必须在文章页面给出原文连接，否则保留追究法律责任的权利。 </div> 
来源：https://www.cnblogs.com/kybs0/p/19473484

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.NET 磁盘管理-技术方案选型