汇编语言
<p>汇编语言一发入魂 – 杨河老李 (kviccn.github.io)</p><p>Writing a Bootloader Part 1 | Alex Parker's Website (3zanders.co.uk) Part 2</p>
<p>part 3 在Ubuntu的编译：sudo apt install build-essential -y</p>
<blockquote>
<p>asm: <strong>nasm -f elf32 a.asm -o boot1.bin</strong></p>
<p>comipile:<strong> g++ -m32 -ffreestanding -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -fno-pic -Wall -Wextra -Werror -nostdlib -std=c++11 -o <span style="text-decoration: underline">kmain.o</span> -c kmain.cpp</strong></p>
<p>ld:<strong> ld -m elf_i386 -T linker.ld -o kernel.bin <span style="text-decoration: underline">boot1.bin</span> kmain.o</strong></p>
<p>check:</p>
<p><strong>hexdump kernel.bin</strong></p>
<p>run:</p>
<p><strong>qemu-system-x86_64 -fda kernel.bin</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<blockquote>
<p>When you press the power button the computer loads the BIOS from some flash memory stored on the motherboard. The BIOS initializes and self tests the hardware then loads the first 512 bytes into memory from the media device (i.e. the cdrom or floppy disk). If the last two bytes equal <code>0xAA55</code> then the BIOS will jump to location <code>0x7C00</code> effectively transferring control to the bootloader.</p>
<p>At this point the CPU is running in 16 bit mode, meaning only the 16 bit registers are available. Also since the BIOS only loads the first 512 bytes this means our bootloader code has to stay below that limit, otherwise we’ll hit uninitialised memory!</p>
<p>只加载512k内容。其他内存区域是未初始化状态。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 class="ContentItem-time" tabindex="0" role="button">BIOS启动：</h2>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-6" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
### Boot Process Overview" data-section-index="6">
<h3>Boot Process Overview</h3>
</section>
<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-8" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
1. **BIOS Initialization**:" data-section-index="8">
<ul>
<li value="1"><span class="markdown-bold-text">BIOS Initialization</span>:</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-9" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- When a computer is powered on, the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) performs a Power-On Self Test (POST) to check the hardware components and ensure everything is functioning correctly." data-section-index="9">
<ul>
<li>When a computer is powered on, the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) performs a Power-On Self Test (POST) to check the hardware components and ensure everything is functioning correctly.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-11" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
2. **Loading the Boot Sector**:" data-section-index="11">
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<li value="2"><span class="markdown-bold-text">Loading the Boot Sector</span>:</li>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-12" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- After POST, the BIOS looks for a bootable device (like a hard drive, CD-ROM, or floppy disk) based on the boot order configured in the BIOS settings." data-section-index="12">
<ul>
<li>After POST, the BIOS looks for a bootable device (like a hard drive, CD-ROM, or floppy disk) based on the boot order configured in the BIOS settings.</li>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-13" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- The BIOS reads the first sector (512 bytes) from the bootable device. This sector is known as the Master Boot Record (MBR) on hard drives or the boot sector on other media." data-section-index="13">
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<p>The BIOS reads the first sector (512 bytes) from the bootable device. This sector is known as the Master Boot Record (MBR) on hard drives or the boot sector on other media.</p>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-15" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
3. **Boot Signature Check**:" data-section-index="15">3. <span class="markdown-bold-text">Boot Signature Check</span>:</section>
<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-16" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- The last two bytes of this 512-byte sector must contain the boot signature `0xAA55`. This signature indicates that the sector is a valid boot sector." data-section-index="16">
<ul>
<li>The last two bytes of this 512-byte sector must contain the boot signature <span class="markdown-inline-code">0xAA55</span>. This signature indicates that the sector is a valid boot sector.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-17" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- If the signature is present, the BIOS considers the sector bootable." data-section-index="17">
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<li>If the signature is present, the BIOS considers the sector bootable.</li>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-19" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
4. **Loading into Memory**:" data-section-index="19">
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<div class="markdown-section-toolbar-item markdown-section-toolbar-copy dark">4. <span class="markdown-bold-text">Loading into Memory</span>:</div>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-20" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- The BIOS loads these 512 bytes into a specific location in memory, which is typically `0x7C00`." data-section-index="20">
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<ul>
<li>The BIOS loads these 512 bytes into a specific location in memory, which is typically <span class="markdown-inline-code">0x7C00</span>.</li>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-21" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- This location is chosen because it is a conventional memory address that is free and available during the boot process. It is within the first 1MB of memory, which is accessible in real mode (the mode the CPU is in when the system first starts)." data-section-index="21">
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<ul>
<li>This location is chosen because it is a conventional memory address that is free and available during the boot process. It is within the first 1MB of memory, which is accessible in real mode (the mode the CPU is in when the system first starts).</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-23" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
5. **Transferring Control**:" data-section-index="23">
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<div>
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<div class="markdown-section-toolbar-item markdown-section-toolbar-copy dark">5. <span class="markdown-bold-text">Transferring Control</span>:</div>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-24" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- After loading the boot sector into memory at `0x7C00`, the BIOS jumps to this address to execute the code contained in the boot sector." data-section-index="24">
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<ul>
<li>After loading the boot sector into memory at <span class="markdown-inline-code">0x7C00</span>, the BIOS jumps to this address to execute the code contained in the boot sector.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-25" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- This effectively transfers control from the BIOS to the bootloader, which is responsible for loading the operating system." data-section-index="25">
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<ul>
<li>This effectively transfers control from the BIOS to the bootloader, which is responsible for loading the operating system.</li>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-27" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
### Why `0x7C00`?" data-section-index="27">
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<div class="markdown-section-toolbar-item markdown-section-toolbar-copy dark">Why <span class="markdown-inline-code">0x7C00</span>?</div>
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<p><strong>FFFF=64k = 65535; </strong></p>
<p><strong> 7c00= 31744</strong></p>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-29" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- **Historical Reasons**: The choice of `0x7C00` is largely historical. It was chosen as a convenient location that is free and does not conflict with other system components during the boot process." data-section-index="29">
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<li><span class="markdown-bold-text">Historical Reasons</span>: The choice of <span class="markdown-inline-code">0x7C00</span> is largely historical. It was chosen as a convenient location that is free and does not conflict with other system components during the boot process.</li>
</ul>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-30" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- **Real Mode Constraints**: In real mode, the CPU can only address the first 1MB of memory. `0x7C00` is within this range, making it accessible during the initial boot phase." data-section-index="30">
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<li><span class="markdown-bold-text">Real Mode Constraints</span>: In real mode, the CPU can only address the first 1MB of memory. <span class="markdown-inline-code">0x7C00</span> is within this range, making it accessible during the initial boot phase.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-32" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
### Summary" data-section-index="32">
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<div class="markdown-section-toolbar-item markdown-section-toolbar-copy dark">Summary</div>
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<section id="markdown-section-536d4b43-559a-451c-8437-f6e4fe2949a7-34" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
The process described is a fundamental part of how BIOS-based systems boot. The bootloader, once executed, can then load the operating system kernel into memory and switch the CPU to protected mode, allowing the full capabilities of the system to be utilized. This process is specific to BIOS; modern systems often use UEFI, which has a different boot process." data-section-index="34">The process described is a fundamental part of how BIOS-based systems boot. The bootloader, once executed, can then load the operating system kernel into memory and switch the CPU to protected mode, allowing the full capabilities of the system to be utilized. This process is specific to BIOS; modern systems often use UEFI, which has a different boot process.</section>
<section class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
The process described is a fundamental part of how BIOS-based systems boot. The bootloader, once executed, can then load the operating system kernel into memory and switch the CPU to protected mode, allowing the full capabilities of the system to be utilized. This process is specific to BIOS; modern systems often use UEFI, which has a different boot process." data-section-index="34"></section>
<section class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
The process described is a fundamental part of how BIOS-based systems boot. The bootloader, once executed, can then load the operating system kernel into memory and switch the CPU to protected mode, allowing the full capabilities of the system to be utilized. This process is specific to BIOS; modern systems often use UEFI, which has a different boot process." data-section-index="34">
<section id="markdown-section-b5c3b6e7-51fd-4075-8eda-7a948b494d89-8" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
### 16-bit Real Mode" data-section-index="8">
<h3>16-bit Real Mode</h3>
<p>1. <span class="markdown-bold-text">16-bit Mode</span>: When the CPU starts, it operates in real mode, which is a 16-bit mode. This means that the CPU can use 16-bit registers and can address up to 1MB of memory (though typically only the first 640KB is usable for conventional memory).</p>
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<section id="markdown-section-b5c3b6e7-51fd-4075-8eda-7a948b494d89-13" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
2. **Addressing in Real Mode**:" data-section-index="13">
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<li value="2"><span class="markdown-bold-text">Addressing in Real Mode</span>:</li>
</ul>
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<section id="markdown-section-b5c3b6e7-51fd-4075-8eda-7a948b494d89-14" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- In real mode, memory is addressed using a combination of segment and offset registers. The effective address is calculated as `segment * 16 + offset`." data-section-index="14">
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<li>In real mode, memory is addressed using a combination of segment and offset registers. The effective address is calculated as <span class="markdown-inline-code">segment * 16 + offset</span>.</li>
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<section id="markdown-section-b5c3b6e7-51fd-4075-8eda-7a948b494d89-15" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- This addressing scheme allows access to the first 1MB of memory, but each segment can only be 64KB in size." data-section-index="15">
<ul>
<li>This addressing scheme allows access to the first 1MB of memory, but each segment can only be 64KB in size.</li>
<li> </li>
</ul>
<h1>创建一个启动盘 Bootable USB Drive</h1>
<p>1, 编译这段代码</p>
<details>
<summary>hello.s</summary>
<pre class="language-cpp highlighter-hljs"><code>
.code16
movw $0x07c0, %ax
movw %ax, %ds
movw $0xb800, %ax
movw %ax, %es
xorw %si, %si
movw message_length, %cx
l1:
movb message(%si), %bl
movb %bl, %es:(%si)
incw %si
loop l1
jmp .
message:
.byte 'H', 0xa, 'e', 0xa, 'l', 0xa, 'l', 0xa, 'o', 0xa, ' ', 0xa, 'W', 0xa, 'o', 0xa, 'r', 0xa, 'l', 0xa, 'd', 0xa
message_length:
.word . - message
.org 510
.word 0xAA55</code></pre>
</details>
<blockquote>
<p> as --32 boot.s -o boot.o</p>
<p>objcopy -O binary -j .text boot.o boot.bin</p>
<p>exdump boot0.bin 查看</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: rgba(224, 62, 45, 1)">一定注意，将没用的区域清零</span></strong>。否则总是引导不成功。由于这个boot.bin只有512。那么后面需要接00 00...</p>
<p><span style="color: rgba(224, 62, 45, 1)"><strong>dd if=/dev/zero of=disk.img bs=1024 count=100</strong></span> 生产一个清空的磁盘印象。块大小是1024，产生100个，就是102400字节大小。</p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<section id="markdown-section-c1bc3c84-a864-4e94-b49a-4584ff2c9cbc-12" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- Identify the device name of your USB drive using the `lsblk` or `fdisk -l` command. It will be something like `/dev/sdX` (where `X` is a letter representing the drive)." data-section-index="12">
<ul>
<li>Identify the device name of your USB drive using the<strong> <span class="markdown-inline-code">lsblk</span></strong> or <strong><span class="markdown-inline-code" style="color: rgba(224, 62, 45, 1)">fdisk -l</span> </strong>command. It will be something like<strong> <span class="markdown-inline-code">/dev/sdX</span></strong> (where <span class="markdown-inline-code">X</span> is a letter representing the drive).</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="markdown-section-c1bc3c84-a864-4e94-b49a-4584ff2c9cbc-14" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
2. **Backup Data**:" data-section-index="14">
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<div class="markdown-section-toolbar-internal"><strong><span class="markdown-inline-code" style="color: rgba(224, 62, 45, 1)">fdisk -l</span></strong></div>
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<section id="markdown-section-c1bc3c84-a864-4e94-b49a-4584ff2c9cbc-18" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- Use the `dd` command to write your `boot.bin` file to the USB drive. This will overwrite the beginning of the drive with your bootloader code.
```bash
sudo dd if=boot.bin of=/dev/sdX bs=512 count=1
```
" data-section-index="18">
<div class="markdown-section-toolbar">
<div> </div>
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<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Use the <span class="markdown-inline-code">dd</span> command to write your <span class="markdown-inline-code">boot.bin</span> file to the USB drive. This will overwrite the beginning of the drive with your bootloader code.
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<div class="view-line"><span class="mtk1"> </span><span style="color: rgba(224, 62, 45, 1)"><strong><span class="mtk9">sudo</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">dd</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">if=boot.bin</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">of=/dev/sdX</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">bs=</span><span class="mtk15">512</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">count=</span><span class="mtk15">1 （这句会导致 /dev/sdX建立，如果没有U盘时。所以用之前先确认一下U盘的盘符在吗。或者有方法可以让这条语句执行不成功，如果 /dev/sdb 不存在的话。）</span></strong></span></div>
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<div class="view-line"><span style="color: rgba(224, 62, 45, 1)"><strong><span class="mtk15">在boot.bin是512大小就可以了。</span></strong></span></div>
<div class="view-line"><span style="color: rgba(52, 73, 94, 1)"><strong><span class="mtk15">如果超过512，需要写剩下的,比如总大小是744：744-512=232</span></strong></span></div>
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<div><span style="color: rgba(22, 145, 121, 1)"><strong>sudo dd if=kernel.bin of=/dev/sdb bs=232 seek=1 skip=1 count=1</strong></span></div>
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<section id="markdown-section-3a8233cb-ba30-4128-adc8-befde4cb55b6-12" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- **Explanation**:" data-section-index="12">
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<li><span class="markdown-bold-text">Explanation</span>:</li>
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- `if=combined.bin`: Input file is `combined.bin`." data-section-index="13">
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<li><span class="markdown-inline-code">if=combined.bin</span>: <strong><span style="color: rgba(45, 194, 107, 1)">Input file</span> </strong>is <span class="markdown-inline-code">combined.bin</span>.</li>
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<section id="markdown-section-3a8233cb-ba30-4128-adc8-befde4cb55b6-14" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- `of=/dev/sdX`: Output file is the USB drive (replace `sdX` with your actual device)." data-section-index="14">
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<li><span class="markdown-inline-code">of=/dev/sdX</span>: <span style="color: rgba(45, 194, 107, 1)"><strong>Output file</strong></span> is the USB drive (replace <span class="markdown-inline-code">sdX</span> with your actual device).</li>
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<section id="markdown-section-3a8233cb-ba30-4128-adc8-befde4cb55b6-15" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- `bs=232`: Block size is set to 232 bytes, which is the size of the remaining data." data-section-index="15">
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<li><span class="markdown-inline-code">bs=232</span>: <strong><span style="color: rgba(45, 194, 107, 1)">Block size </span></strong>is set to 232 bytes, which is the size of the remaining data.</li>
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<section id="markdown-section-3a8233cb-ba30-4128-adc8-befde4cb55b6-16" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- `skip=1`: Skip the first 512 bytes of `combined.bin` (the boot sector)." data-section-index="16">
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<ul>
<li><span class="markdown-inline-code">skip=1</span>: Skip the first 512 bytes of <span class="markdown-inline-code">combined.bin</span> (the boot sector).</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="markdown-section-3a8233cb-ba30-4128-adc8-befde4cb55b6-17" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- `seek=1`: Start writing at the second sector of the USB drive." data-section-index="17">
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<li><span class="markdown-inline-code">seek=1</span>: Start writing at the second sector of the USB drive.</li>
<li>count=1 是认为写一个block。而block的大小是 232，因为 bs=232</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="color: rgba(224, 62, 45, 1)">写完后别忘了 sync</span></p>
<div> sync</div>
<div> sudo eject /dev/sdX</div>
</section>
<section id="markdown-section-3a8233cb-ba30-4128-adc8-befde4cb55b6-19" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
### Important Note" data-section-index="19">
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<section id="markdown-section-c1bc3c84-a864-4e94-b49a-4584ff2c9cbc-23" class="markdown-section" data-markdown-raw="
- If your bootloader or operating system requires a filesystem, you can create one on the USB drive. For example, to create a FAT32 filesystem:
```bash
sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdX1
```
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<li>
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<div class="view-rulers" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true">然后分区fdisk，格式化 optional 注意格式化时要空出刚才的512字节的section区域。</div>
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<div class="view-line"><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk9">sudo</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">mkfs.vfat</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">/dev/sdX1</span></div>
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- If your bootloader needs additional files, mount the USB drive and copy them over.
```bash
sudo mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt
sudo cp additional_files /mnt
sudo umount /mnt
```
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<div class="view-zones" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true">copy file</div>
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<div class="view-line"><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk9">sudo</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">mount</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">/dev/sdX1</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">/mnt</span></div>
<div class="view-line"><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk9">sudo</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">cp</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">additional_files</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">/mnt</span></div>
<div class="view-line"><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk9">sudo</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">umount</span><span class="mtk1"> </span><span class="mtk12">/mnt</span></div>
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来源：https://www.cnblogs.com/bigben0123/p/16255390.html
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