关闭安装包更新使用YUM在Linux中（RHEL / CentOS / Fedora）
<p>YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modified) 是一个开源的命令行工具，以及基于图形的软件包管理工具, 用于基于 RPM (RedHat Package Manager) 的 Linux 系统。它允许用户和系统管理员容易的安装，升级，卸载或者查找软件安装包在Linux系统中，它被开发以及发布通过 Seth Vidal 开源在GPL(General Public License) 下。这样的话任何人都可以下载和访问代码进行开发以及修复Bugs。YUM使用大量的第三方仓库通过依赖来自动安装包。</p><p>但是有些时候我们不想要更新一些安装包例如Apache，Mysql，PHP等其它主要的应用程序，因为更新的话将会对正在运行的web程序。要么就是你停止web应用程序等更新完成之后在启动。</p>
<p>在这篇文章我们主要展示如何关闭安装包的更新使用YUM工具，我们能够关闭安装包的更新从第三方仓库，那个关闭命令如下：</p>
<p style="background-color: rgba(5, 30, 48, 1); border-top: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-right: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-left: 4px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); font-family: monospace, monospace; line-height: 1.625; margin: 30px 0; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; word-wrap: break-word"><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">exclude=package package1 packages*</span></p>
<p>以上语法将排除“package“, “package1” 以及“package“更新或者安装的列表。每个关键字将被使用空格分离开。</p>
<p style="color: rgba(51, 102, 153, 1); font-size: 30px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.5px; border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(221, 221, 221, 1)">如何关闭安装包更新使用YUM</p>
<p>关闭指定的安装包更新，需要修改/etc/yum.conf 文件。</p>
<p style="background-color: rgba(5, 30, 48, 1); border-top: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-right: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-left: 4px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); font-family: monospace, monospace; line-height: 1.625; margin: 30px 0; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; word-wrap: break-word"># vi /etc/yum.conf</p>
<p>增加以下exclude的行在文件的底部，展示如下。</p>
<p style="background-color: rgba(5, 30, 48, 1); border-top: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-right: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-left: 4px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); font-family: monospace, monospace; line-height: 1.625; margin: 30px 0; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; word-wrap: break-word"> <br>
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever<br>
keepcache=0<br>
debuglevel=2<br>
logfile=/var/log/yum.log<br>
exactarch=1<br>
obsoletes=1<br>
gpgcheck=1<br>
plugins=1<br>
installonly_limit=5<br>
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=16&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release<br>
<br>
# This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata<br>
# is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to<br>
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct<br>
# information.<br>
#It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like<br>
# Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking<br>
# interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something<br>
# manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).<br>
# metadata_expire=90m<br>
<br>
# PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo<br>
# in /etc/yum.repos.d<br>
<br>
## Exclude following Packages Updates ##<br>
<span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">exclude=httpd php mysql</span>
</p>
<p>在以上例子中，红色标记的行将关闭“httpd” “php” 和“MySQL”安装包的更新，接下来让我们试着安装和更新它们其中的一个试一下。</p>
<p style="background-color: rgba(5, 30, 48, 1); border-top: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-right: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-left: 4px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); font-family: monospace, monospace; line-height: 1.625; margin: 30px 0; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; word-wrap: break-word"># yum update httpd
</p>
<p>
输出如下：</p>
<p style="background-color: rgba(5, 30, 48, 1); border-top: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-right: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-left: 4px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); font-family: monospace, monospace; line-height: 1.625; margin: 30px 0; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; word-wrap: break-word">Loaded plugins: fastestmirror<br>
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile<br>
* base: centos.01link.hk<br>
* extras: centos.01link.hk<br>
* updates: mirrors.hns.net.in<br>
base | 3.7 kB 00:00<br>
extras | 3.0 kB 00:00<br>
updates | 3.5 kB 00:00<br>
updates/primary_db | 2.7 MB 00:16<br>
Setting up Update Process<br>
<span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">No Packages marked for Update<span><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="color: rgba(51, 102, 153, 1); font-size: 30px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.5px; border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(221, 221, 221, 1)">如何关闭安装包更新从EPEL Repo</p>
<p>关闭指定的安装包更新从EPEL仓库，需要修改/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo文件。</p>
<p style="background-color: rgba(5, 30, 48, 1); border-top: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-right: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-left: 4px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); font-family: monospace, monospace; line-height: 1.625; margin: 30px 0; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; word-wrap: break-word"># vi /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo</p>
<p>增加以下exclude的行在文件的底部，展示如下。</p>
<p style="background-color: rgba(5, 30, 48, 1); border-top: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-right: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-left: 4px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); font-family: monospace, monospace; line-height: 1.625; margin: 30px 0; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; word-wrap: break-word"> <br>
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch<br>
#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearch<br>
mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-6&arch=$basearch<br>
failovermethod=priority<br>
enabled=1<br>
gpgcheck=1<br>
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6<br>
## Exclude following Packages Updates ##<br>
<span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">exclude=perl php python</span>
</p>
<p>在以上例子中，红色标记的行将关闭“httpd” “php” 和“MySQL”安装包的更新，接下来我们试一下在EPEL仓库中更新一下安装包试一下。</p>
<p style="background-color: rgba(5, 30, 48, 1); border-top: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-right: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-left: 4px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); font-family: monospace, monospace; line-height: 1.625; margin: 30px 0; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; word-wrap: break-word"># yum --enablerepo=epel update perl php python
</p>
<p>
输出如下：</p>
<p style="background-color: rgba(5, 30, 48, 1); border-top: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-right: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-left: 4px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); font-family: monospace, monospace; line-height: 1.625; margin: 30px 0; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; word-wrap: break-word">Loaded plugins: fastestmirror<br>
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile<br>
* base: mirrors.hns.net.in<br>
* epel: ftp.kddilabs.jp<br>
* extras: mirrors.hns.net.in<br>
* updates: mirrors.hns.net.in<br>
Setting up Update Process<br>
<span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">No Packages marked for Update<span><br>
</span></span></p>
<p>
你也可以不用配置以上两种方式，直接在命令行中新增排除参数来进行软件安装包更新的排除。例子如下：</p>
<p style="background-color: rgba(5, 30, 48, 1); border-top: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-right: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-left: 4px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); font-family: monospace, monospace; line-height: 1.625; margin: 30px 0; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; word-wrap: break-word"># yum --exclude=httpd update
</p>
<p>
排除安装包的列表使用以下命令。</p>
<p style="background-color: rgba(5, 30, 48, 1); border-top: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-right: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); border-left: 4px solid rgba(40, 159, 244, 1); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); font-family: monospace, monospace; line-height: 1.625; margin: 30px 0; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; word-wrap: break-word"># yum --exclude=mysql\* --exclude=httpd\* update
</p>
<p>以上是关闭安装包更新的一些方法，希望能帮助需要的朋友们，文章内容写得简单，望大家理解，有什么建议可以留言哦。</p>
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