第一篇：Linux概述、系统部署、Xshell远程连接
<h2><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)">Linux概述</span></h2><h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>Linux中常见错误提醒⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐</h3>
<p>常见的错误提醒：https://www.jianshu.com/p/99ec5bb4183f</p>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>Linux简介</h3>
<p>Linux与windows类似，都是操作系统，Linux一般用于企业环境，相对稳定</p>
<table class="cnblogs_Highlighter" style="height: 92px; width: 371px" border="0" align="center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>共同点</td>
<td>区别</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Linux</td>
<td>操作系统</td>
<td>免费使用，较为稳定</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows</td>
<td>操作系统</td>
<td>收费，漏洞相对较多</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>Linux发展</h3>
<table class="cnblogs_Highlighter" style="height: 184px; width: 696px" border="0" align="center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Unix</td>
<td>Mint（mini unix）</td>
<td>组织：<strong>自由软件基金会（FSF）</strong></td>
<td>Linux内核</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>贝尔实验室</td>
<td>谭宁邦，主要用户教学</td>
<td>斯托曼</td>
<td>林纳斯·托瓦兹</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>
<p><strong>GPL公共通用许可证</strong><br>--所有软件开源，可以随意修改<br>--修改后的内容，也要开源</p>
<p>项目：<strong>GNU项目</strong>，弄出了个系统</p>
<p>Linux也可以叫做GNU/Linux</p>
</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>Linux组成⭐⭐⭐</h3>
<p>蛋壳：Linux各种命令，服务，软件</p>
<p>蛋清：<span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)"><strong>命令解释器</strong></span>（解释运行Linux命令）（将用户输入的命令转换为系统能理解和执行的指令）</p>
<p>蛋黄：Linux内核（控制硬件，无法直接操作内核）</p>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240825183434312-2008550011.png" alt="" width="528" height="209" loading="lazy"></p>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>LInux发行版本⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐</h3>
<p>发行版本：通过<strong>内核</strong>+<strong>命令解释器</strong>+<strong>不同应用程序/桌面</strong>组成</p>
<p>核心掌握：Debian、Ubuntu、红帽RHEL、CentOs、中标麒麟Kylin</p>
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 主流Linux系列</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">
#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> Debian系列</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"><strong> Debian系统</strong>：更新频率低，较为稳定安全，可以用于企业环境
<strong><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">Ubuntu系统（乌班图）</span></strong>：桌面美观，使用方便，常用于开发
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 红帽系列</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"><strong> Redhat</strong> enterprise Linux（RHEL红帽企业版）
<span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)"> <strong>Centos系统</strong></span>：基本国内最常用的LInux系统(被Redhat收购)
Rocky Linux：centos系统创始人新出的Linux系统
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 国产系列</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"><strong> 中标麒麟国产Linux（Kylin）</strong>：有桌面环境，由服务器版本
红旗Linux
欧拉系统（openeuler，华为）
各种厂商的Linux系统
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 其他系列（了解）</span>
Suse、OpenSUSE</pre>
</div>
<h2><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)">Linux环境部署</span>⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐</h2>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(136, 136, 136, 1)"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span></span>虚拟机概述</h3>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240825193817960-1147149524.png" alt="" width="575" height="221" loading="lazy"></p>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>桥接、NAT、仅主机⭐⭐⭐</h3>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240825202116582-691085693.png" alt="" width="448" height="176" loading="lazy"></p>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>部署Linux系统</h3>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240825203839787-34207991.png" alt="" width="469" height="197" loading="lazy"></p>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202409/2946572-20240919212023295-1452171569.png" alt="" width="469" height="286" loading="lazy"></p>
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><strong><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)"> net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0</span></strong>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">将网卡的名字变成eth0、eth1的形式（centos 7中默认的网卡名是ens33）
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">没改名成功就退出去重启</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 安装流程介绍</span>
<span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">Install centos 7</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">：安装系统，几乎选择这个
<span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">Test this media </span></span><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">& install centos 7</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">：测试系统的镜像并安装系统（不推荐）
<span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">Troubleshooting</span>：解决Linux无法启动的故障，进入救援模式</span></pre>
</div>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240825213451279-1068037272.png" alt="" width="471" height="337" loading="lazy"></p>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240826174011990-548888366.png" alt="" width="470" height="459" loading="lazy"></p>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240825213821329-1663739693.png" alt="" width="469" height="347" loading="lazy"></p>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240825214428688-464307254.png" alt="" width="466" height="380" loading="lazy"></p>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240825214549980-1277142248.png" alt="" width="458" height="236" loading="lazy"></p>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240825215017675-1690886635.png" alt="" width="455" height="462" loading="lazy"></p>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240827083402076-664296754.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>挂起、快照、克隆</h3>
<p><strong>挂起</strong>：把正在运行的虚拟机暂停（好处：虚拟机不用关机）</p>
<p><strong>快照</strong>：给虚拟机当前状态拍摄一个保存节点，这个保存节点可以用于恢复</p>
<p><strong>克隆</strong>：就是用来复制一个<strong><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">进程</span></strong>，让<span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">新进程和原进程可以共享一些资源，同时又能独立运行</span></p>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>VMware网络配置（进入系统后配置仅一次）</h3>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240825223042472-1032275446.png" alt="" width="456" height="418" loading="lazy"></p>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>开启虚拟机蓝屏与虚拟机异常解决⭐⭐⭐</h3>
<ul>
<li>背景：选择开启虚拟机时，windows 10/windows 11蓝屏，windows 7报错</li>
<li>原因：
<ul>
<li>需要windows开启虚拟化支持，</li>
<li>虚拟化支持(vt-x)与windows自带的虚拟化软件hyper-v冲突导致，关闭即可</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>虚拟化未开启导致蓝屏或报错⭐⭐⭐</h4>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240827094726027-79065447.png" alt="" width="461" height="408" loading="lazy"></p>
<h4><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>Vmware与hyper-v软件冲突⭐⭐⭐</h4>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240827095542253-219499210.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p>
<h2><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)">Xshell远程连接</span></h2>
<p><strong><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">Ubuntu和Rocky系统需要配置/etc/ssh/sshd_config文件下的参数PermitRootLogin yes，才能允许使用root用户登录</span></strong></p>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>远程连接工具介绍</h3>
<p>工作中通过远程连接工具连接LInux系统</p>
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 远程连接工具</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">
windows： Xshell、SecureCRT、Putty（功能简单）、mobaXterm（功能多）
mac： Iterm2、Secure CRT、finalshell</span></pre>
</div>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240827090542429-130280448.png" alt="" width="321" height="195" loading="lazy"></p>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>IP地址、端口、协议⭐⭐</h3>
<h4><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>IP地址</h4>
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"><strong><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)"> ip address</span></strong> 查询设备的ip地址等信息</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">
#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> ip地址分为两类</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 局域网ip（内网ip，私网ip）</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> 一般只能再某个范围内使用（教室，公司办公室）
网络设备自动分配，自动获取，一般不固定
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 局域网ip</span>
<strong><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">10.0.0.xxx
192.168.xxx.xxx
172.16.xxx.xxx-172.31.xxx.xxx
</span></strong><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 公网ip（外网ip）</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> 可以再任何有网络的地方使用，访问对应设备，数量有限
企业购买获得，企业公网ip固定</span></pre>
</div>
<h4><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>端口</h4>
<p>计算机可以想象成一个密不透风的盒子，盒子上的洞洞就是端口</p>
<p><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)"><strong>计算机中通过端口来区分不同的服务</strong></span></p>
<table class="cnblogs_Highlighter" border="0" align="center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>服务</td>
<td>默认端口</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>远程连接服务 <span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">sshd</span></td>
<td><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">22</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>网站服务 <span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">http</span></td>
<td><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">80</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>网站服务加密 <span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">https</span></td>
<td><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">443</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>xshell远程连接Ubuntu</h3>
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 1.安装 OpenSSH 服务器： </span>
sudo apt update sudo apt install openssh-<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">server
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 2.启动 SSH 服务：</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> sudo systemctl start ssh
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 3.检查 SSH 服务状态：</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> sudo systemctl status ssh
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 4.防火墙设置（确保防火墙允许 SSH 连接）：</span>
sudo ufw allow ssh</pre>
</div>
<h3><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>远程连接排错3部曲⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐</h3>
<p>排障流程：https://www.jianshu.com/p/0bc0b596c1a0</p>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240827111515206-196878862.png" alt="" width="448" height="216" loading="lazy"></p>
<h4><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>检查道路是否畅通</h4>
<table style="height: 67px; width: 372px" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center">ping命令格式</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center">ping</td>
<td style="text-align: center">空格</td>
<td style="text-align: center">ip或域名</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>命令在Xshell的本地shell执行相当于在windows环境下执行</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240829083615742-2011725107.png" alt="" width="561" height="179" loading="lazy"></p>
<h4><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>检查是否劫财劫色 </h4>
<p>防火墙，安全设备，安全规则拦截</p>
<h4><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 102, 0, 1)"> </span>检查是否提供服务（本质：检查端口是否开放）</h4>
<p>检查端口是否开放，端口是否可以被外部访问或连接，可以间接的检验服务是否开启</p>
<table class="cnblogs_Highlighter" border="0" align="center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center">telnet检查端口是否可以访问</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)">telnet</span></strong></td>
<td style="text-align: center">ip或域名</td>
<td style="text-align: center">端口</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><img src="https://img2024.cnblogs.com/blog/2946572/202408/2946572-20240829091943602-1148326528.png" alt="" width="409" height="120" loading="lazy"></p>
<p> </p><br><br>
来源：https://www.cnblogs.com/yuanxiaojiang/p/18379667
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