python 自动化测试
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>安装selenium</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>安装命令: pip install selenium</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>测试</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>打开一款Python编辑器,默认Python自带的IDLE也行。创建 baidu.py文件,输入以下内容:</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get('https://www.baidu.com')
print(driver.title)
driver.quit()
</pre>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>如果执行报错, 请看下面</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>selenium3 浏览器驱动:</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>下载浏览器驱动</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>当selenium升级到3.0之后,对不同的浏览器驱动进行了规范。如果想使用selenium驱动不同的浏览器,必须单独下载并设置不同的浏览器驱动</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>各浏览器下载地址:</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>Firefox浏览器驱动:geckodriver</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>Chrome浏览器驱动:chromedriver , taobao备用地址</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>IE浏览器驱动:IEDriverServer</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>Edge浏览器驱动:MicrosoftWebDriver</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>Opera浏览器驱动:operadriver</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>PhantomJS浏览器驱动:phantomjs</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>设置浏览器驱动</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>设置浏览器的地址非常简单 我们可以手动创建一个存放浏览器驱动的目录,如: C:\driver , 将下载的浏览器驱动文件(例如:chromedriver、geckodriver)丢到该目录下</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>我的电脑-->属性-->系统设置-->高级-->环境变量-->系统变量-->Path,将“C:\driver”目录添加到Path的值中</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>Path</strong></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>C:\driver</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>设置浏览器驱动</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>验证不同的浏览器驱动是否正常使用</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Firefox() # Firefox浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome() # Chrome浏览器
driver = webdriver.Ie() # Internet Explorer浏览器
driver = webdriver.Edge() # Edge浏览器
driver = webdriver.Opera() # Opera浏览器
driver = webdriver.PhantomJS() # PhantomJS </pre>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>selenium定位方法</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>selenium提供了八种定位方式:</strong></span></p>
<ul class="ul-list" data-mark="-">
<li class="md-list-item md-focus-container">
<p class="md-end-block md-focus"><span class="md-expand"><strong>id </strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>name</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>class name</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>tag name</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>link text</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>partial link text</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>xpath</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block md-focus"><span><strong>css selector</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>这八种定位方式在python selenium中所对应的方法为:</strong></span></p>
<ul class="ul-list" data-mark="-">
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>find_element_by_id()</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span class="md-expand"><strong>find_element_by_id_name</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>find_element_by_class_name()</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>find_element_by_tag_name()</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>find_element_by_link_text()</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>find_element_by_partial_link_text()</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>find_element_by_xpath()</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>find_element_by_css_selector()</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<h3>定位方法的用法</h3>
<p> </p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:html;gutter:true;"><html>
<head>
<body link="#0000cc">
<a id="result_logo" href="/" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'logo'})">
<form id="form" class="fm" name="f" action="/s">
<span class="soutu-btn"></span>
<input id="kw" class="s_ipt" name="wd" value="" maxlength="255" autocomplete="off">
</pre>
</div>
<p> <span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>我们的目的是要定位input标签的输入框</strong></span></p>
<ul class="ul-list" data-mark="-">
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>通过id找</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>dr.find_element_by_id("kw")</strong></span></p>
<ul class="ul-list" data-mark="-">
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>通过name定位</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>dr.find_element_by_name("wd")</strong><span>\</span></span></p>
<ul class="ul-list" data-mark="-">
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>通过class_name定位:</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>dr.find_element_by_class_name("s_ipt")</strong></span></p>
<ul class="ul-list" data-mark="-">
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>通过tag name定位:</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>dr.find_element_by_tag_name("input")</strong></span></p>
<ul class="ul-list" data-mark="-">
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>通过xpath定位,xpath定位有N种写法,这里列几个常用写法:</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span>dr.find_element_by_xpath("//<span><em><span>[@id='kw']")</span></em></span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span><span><em><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_xpath("//</span></span></span></em><span>[@name='wd']")</span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span><span><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@class='s_ipt']")</span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span><span><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_xpath("/html/body/form/span/input")</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span><span><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_xpath("//span[@class='soutu-btn']/input")</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span><span><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_xpath("//form[@id='form']/span/input")</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span><span><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='kw' and @name='wd']")</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<ul class="ul-list" data-mark="-">
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>通过css定位, css定位有N种写法, 这里列举几个常用的写法:</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span>dr.find_element_by_css_selector("#kw")</span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_css_selector("")</span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_css_selector(".s_ipt")</span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_css_selector("html > body > form > span > input")</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_css_selector("span.soutu-btn> input#kw")</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_css_selector("form#form > span > input")</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"> </p>
<p class="md-end-block md-focus"><span><strong>接下来,我们的页面上有一组文本链接。</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:html;gutter:true;"><a class="mnav" href="http://news.baidu.com" name="tj_trnews">新闻</a>
<a class="mnav" href="http://www.hao123.com" name="tj_trhao123">hao123</a> </pre>
</div>
<ul class="ul-list" data-mark="-">
<li class="md-list-item">
<p class="md-end-block"><span><strong>通过link text定位:</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="md-end-block"><span class="md-expand"><strong><span>dr.find_element_by_link_text("新闻")</span></strong></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block"><span class="md-expand"><strong><span><span class="md-softbreak"><span>dr.find_element_by_link_text("hao123")</span></span></span></strong></span></p>
<ul class="ul-list" data-mark="-">
<li class="md-list-item md-focus-container">
<p class="md-end-block md-focus"><span><strong>通过link text 定位</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>dr.find_element_by_partial_link_text("新")</strong></span><br><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>dr.find_element_by_partial_link_text("hao")</strong></span><br><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>dr.find_element_by_partial_link_text("123")</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>点击和输入</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>上面已经说了定位元素, 定位只是第一步 定位之后需要对这个元素进行操作, 或单击(按钮) 或输入(输入框) 下面就来认识webdriver中最常用的几个方法:</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>clear(): 清除文本</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys (value): 模拟按键输入</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>click(): 单击元素</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").clear()
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys("selenium")
driver.find_element_by_id("su").click()
driver.quit()
</pre>
</div>
<p> <span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>提交</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>submit()</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px">submit()方法用于提交表单 例如, 在搜索框输入关键字之后的“回车” 操作, 就可以通过该方法模拟</span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
search_text = driver.find_element_by_id('kw')
search_text.send_keys('selenium')
search_text.submit()
driver.quit()
</pre>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>注意: 有时候submit() 可以与click() 方法互换来使用, submit() 同样可以提交一个按钮, 但submit() 的应用范围远不及 click() 广泛</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>其他常用方法</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>size: 返回元素的尺寸</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>text: 获取元素的文本</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>get_attribute(name): 获得属性值</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>is_displayed(): 设置该元素是否用户可见</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.baidu.com")
# 获得输入框的尺寸
size = driver.find_element_by_id('kw').size
print(size)
# 返回百度页面底部备案信息
text = driver.find_element_by_id("cp").text
print(text)
# 返回元素的属性值, 可以是 id、 name、 type 或其他任意属性
attribute = driver.find_element_by_id("kw").get_attribute('type')
print(attribute)
# 返回元素的结果是否可见, 返回结果为 True 或 False
result = driver.find_element_by_id("kw").is_displayed()
print(result)
driver.quit()输出</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>输出结果:</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">{'width': 500, 'height': 22}
©2015 Baidu 使用百度前必读 意见反馈 京 ICP 证 030173 号
text
True
</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>执行上面的程序并查看结果: size 方法用于获取百度输入框的宽、 高, text 方法用于获得百度底部的备案信息, get_attribute()用于获得百度输入的 type 属性的值, is_displayed()用于返回一个元素是否可见 如果可见则返回 True 否则返回 False</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>鼠标事件:</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>在 WebDriver 中, 将这些关于鼠标操作的方法封装在 ActionChains 类提供。</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>ActionChains 类提供了鼠标操作的常用方法:</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>perform(): 执行所有 ActionChains 中存储的行为</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>context_click(): 右击</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>double_click(): 双击</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>drag_and_drop(): 拖动</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>move_to_element(): 鼠标悬停</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>鼠标悬停操作:</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
# 引入 ActionChains 类
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.baidu.cn")
# 定位到要悬停的元素
above = driver.find_element_by_link_text("设置")
# 对定位到的元素执行鼠标悬停操作
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(above).perform()
……
</pre>
</div>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> 导入提供鼠标操作的 ActionChains 类</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>ActionChains(driver)</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> 调用 ActionChains()类, 将浏览器驱动 driver 作为参数传入</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>move_to_element(above)</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> context_click()方法用于模拟鼠标右键操作 在调用时需要指定元素定位</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>perform()</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> 执行所有 ActionChains 中存储的行为 可以理解成是对整个操作的提交动作</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>键盘事件:</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>Keys()类提供了键盘上几乎所有按键的方法 前面了解到 send_keys()方法可以用来模拟键盘输入, 除此 之外, 我们还可以用它来输入键盘上的按键, 甚至是组合键, 如 Ctrl+A、 Ctrl+C 等</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
# 引入 Keys 模块
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.baidu.com")
# 输入框输入内容
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys("seleniumm")
# 删除多输入的一个 m
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys(Keys.BACK_SPACE)
# 输入空格键+“教程”
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys(Keys.SPACE)
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys("教程")
# ctrl+a 全选输入框内容
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys(Keys.CONTROL, 'a')
# ctrl+x 剪切输入框内容
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys(Keys.CONTROL, 'x')
# ctrl+v 粘贴内容到输入框
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys(Keys.CONTROL, 'v')
# 通过回车键来代替单击操作
driver.find_element_by_id("su").send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
driver.quit()
</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>需要说明的是, 上面的脚本没有什么实际意义, 仅向我们展示模拟键盘各种按键与组合键的用法</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> 在使用键盘按键方法前需要先导入 keys 类</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>以下为常用的键盘操作:</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(Keys.BACK_SPACE) 删除键(BackSpace)</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(Keys.SPACE) 空格键(Space)</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(Keys.TAB) 制表键(Tab)</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(Keys.ESCAPE) 回退键(Esc)</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(Keys.ENTER) 回车键(Enter)</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'a') 全选(Ctrl+A)</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'c') 复制(Ctrl+C)</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'x') 剪切(Ctrl+X)</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'v') 粘贴(Ctrl+V)</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(Keys.F1) 键盘 F1</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>……</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(Keys.F12) 键盘 F12</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>获取断言信息:</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>不管是在做功能测试还是自动化测试,最后一步需要拿实际结果与预期进行比较。这个比较的称之为断言</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>我们通常可以通过获取title 、URL和text等信息进行断言 text方法在前面已经讲过,它用于获取标签对之间的文本信息 下面同样以百度为例,介绍如何获取这些信息</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print('Before search================')
# 打印当前页面title
title = driver.title
print(title)
# 打印当前页面URL
now_url = driver.current_url
print(now_url)
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys("selenium")
driver.find_element_by_id("su").click()
sleep(1)
print('After search================')
# 再次打印当前页面title
title = driver.title
print(title)
# 打印当前页面URL
now_url = driver.current_url
print(now_url)
# 获取结果数目
user = driver.find_element_by_class_name('nums').text
print(user)
driver.quit()</pre>
</div>
<p> <span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>脚本运行结果如下:</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">Before search================
百度一下,你就知道
https://www.baidu.com/
After search================
selenium_百度搜索
https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx...
搜索工具
百度为您找到相关结果约5,380,000个</pre>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>title:用于获得当前页面的标题</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>current_url:用户获得当前页面的URL</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>text:获取搜索条目的文本信息</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>设置元素等待:</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>WebDriver提供了两种类型的等待:显式等待和隐式等待</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>显示等待</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>显式等待使WebdDriver等待某个条件成立时继续执行,否则在达到最大时长时抛出超时异常(TimeoutException)</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("http://www.baidu.com")
element = WebDriverWait(driver, 5, 0.5).until(
EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "kw"))
)
element.send_keys('selenium')
driver.quit()
</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>WebDriverWait类是由WebDirver 提供的等待方法 在设置时间内,默认每隔一段时间检测一次当前页面元素是否存在,如果超过设置时间检测不到则抛出异常 具体格式如下:</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">WebDriverWait(driver, timeout, poll_frequency=0.5, ignored_exceptions=None)
</pre>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>driver :浏览器驱动</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>timeout :最长超时时间,默认以秒为单位</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>poll_frequency :检测的间隔(步长)时间,默认为0.5S</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>ignored_exceptions :超时后的异常信息,默认情况下抛NoSuchElementException异常</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> WebDriverWait()一般由until()或until_not()方法配合使用,下面是until()和until_not()方法的说明</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>until(method, message=‘’)</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> 调用该方法提供的驱动程序作为一个参数,直到返回值为True</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>until_not(method, message=‘’)</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> 调用该方法提供的驱动程序作为一个参数,直到返回值为False</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> 在本例中,通过as关键字将expected_conditions 重命名为EC,并调用presence_of_element_located()方法判断元素是否存在</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>隐式等待:</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>WebDriver提供了implicitly_wait()方法来实现隐式等待,默认设置为0。它的用法相对来说要简单得多</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
from time import ctime
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
# 设置隐式等待为10秒
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
driver.get("http://www.baidu.com")
try:
print(ctime())
driver.find_element_by_id("kw22").send_keys('selenium')
except NoSuchElementException as e:
print(e)
finally:
print(ctime())
driver.quit()
</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong><code>implicitly_wait()</code> 默认参数的单位为秒,本例中设置等待时长为10秒 首先这10秒并非一个固定的等待时间,它并不影响脚本的执行速度 其次,它并不针对页面上的某一元素进行等待 当脚本执行到某个元素定位时,如果元素可以定位,则继续执行;如果元素定位不到,则它将以轮询的方式不断地判断元素是否被定位到 假设在第6秒定位到了元素则继续执行,若直到超出设置时长(10秒)还没有定位到元素,则抛出异常</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>定位一组元素</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>WebDriver还提供了8种用于定位一组元素的方法</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">find_elements_by_id()
find_elements_by_name()
find_elements_by_class_name()
find_elements_by_tag_name()
find_elements_by_link_text()
find_elements_by_partial_link_text()
find_elements_by_xpath()
find_elements_by_css_selector()
</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>定位一组元素的方法与定位单个元素的方法类似,唯一的区别是在单词element后面多了一个s表示复数</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>接下来通过例子演示定位一组元素的使用:</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys("selenium")
driver.find_element_by_id("su").click()
sleep(1)
# 定位一组元素
texts = driver.find_elements_by_xpath('//div/h3/a')
# 循环遍历出每一条搜索结果的标题
for t in texts:
print(t.text)
driver.quit()
</pre>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>程序运行结果:</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">Selenium - Web Browser Automation
官网
功能自动化测试工具——Selenium篇
selenium + python自动化测试环境搭建 - 虫师 - 博客园
selenium是什么?_百度知道
怎样开始用selenium进行自动化测试(个人总结)_百度经验
Selenium_百度百科
selenium_百度翻译
Selenium官网教程_selenium自动化测试实践_Selenium_领测软件测试网
Selenium(浏览器自动化测试框架)_百度百科
自动化基础普及之selenium是啥? - 虫师 - 博客园
python十大主流开源框架 「菜鸟必看」
</pre>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>多表单切换</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>在Web应用中经常会遇到frame/iframe表单嵌套页面的应用,WebDriver只能在一个页面上对元素识别与定位,对于frame/iframe表单内嵌页面上的元素无法直接定位 这时就需要通过switch_to.frame()方法将当前定位的主体切换为frame/iframe表单的内嵌页面中</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:html;gutter:true;"><html>
<body>
...
<iframe id="x-URS-iframe" ...>
<html>
<body>
...
<input name="email" >
</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 15px"><strong>126邮箱登录框的结构大概是这样子的,想要操作登录框必须要先切换到iframe表单</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.126.com")
driver.switch_to.frame('x-URS-iframe')
driver.find_element_by_name("email").clear()
driver.find_element_by_name("email").send_keys("username")
driver.find_element_by_name("password").clear()
driver.find_element_by_name("password").send_keys("password")
driver.find_element_by_id("dologin").click()
driver.switch_to.default_content()
driver.quit()
</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong><code>switch_to.frame()</code> 默认可以直接取表单的id 或name属性 如果iframe没有可用的id和name属性,则可以通过下面的方式进行定位</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">#先通过xpth定位到iframe
xf = driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="x-URS-iframe"]')
#再将定位对象传给switch_to.frame()方法
driver.switch_to.frame(xf)
……
driver.switch_to.parent_frame()
</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> 除此之外,在进入多级表单的情况下,还可以通过<code>switch_to.default_content()</code>跳回最外层的页面</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>多窗口切换</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>在页面操作过程中有时候点击某个链接会弹出新的窗口,这时就需要主机切换到新打开的窗口上进行操作 WebDriver提供了switch_to.window()方法,可以实现在不同的窗口之间切换 以百度首页和百度注册页为例,在两个窗口之间的切换如下图</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
import time
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
driver.get("http://www.baidu.com")
# 获得百度搜索窗口句柄
sreach_windows = driver.current_window_handle
driver.find_element_by_link_text('登录').click()
driver.find_element_by_link_text("立即注册").click()
# 获得当前所有打开的窗口的句柄
all_handles = driver.window_handles
# 进入注册窗口
for handle in all_handles:
if handle != sreach_windows:
driver.switch_to.window(handle)
print('now register window!')
driver.find_element_by_name("account").send_keys('username')
driver.find_element_by_name('password').send_keys('password')
time.sleep(2)
# ……
driver.quit()
</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>在本例中所涉及的新方法如下:</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>current_window_handle:获得当前窗口句柄</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>window_handles:返回所有窗口的句柄到当前会话</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>switch_to.window():用于切换到相应的窗口,与上一节的switch_to.frame()类似,前者用于不同窗口的切换,后者用于不同表单之间的切换</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>警告框处理</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>在WebDriver中处理JavaScript所生成的alert、confirm以及prompt十分简单,具体做法是使用 switch_to.alert 方法定位到 alert/confirm/prompt,然后使用text/accept/dismiss/ send_keys等方法进行操作</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>text:返回 alert/confirm/prompt 中的文字信息</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>accept():接受现有警告框</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>dismiss():解散现有警告框</strong></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>send_keys(keysToSend):发送文本至警告框 keysToSend:将文本发送至警告框</strong></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>如下图,百度搜索设置弹出的窗口是不能通过前端工具对其进行定位的,这个时候就可以通过switch_to_alert()方法接受这个弹窗4</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
import time
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
driver.get('http://www.baidu.com')
# 鼠标悬停至“设置”链接
link = driver.find_element_by_link_text('设置')
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(link).perform()
# 打开搜索设置
driver.find_element_by_link_text("搜索设置").click()
# 保存设置
driver.find_element_by_class_name("prefpanelgo").click()
time.sleep(2)
# 接受警告框
driver.switch_to.alert.accept()
driver.quit()
</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> 通过switch_to_alert()方法获取当前页面上的警告框,并使用accept()方法接受警告框</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>下拉框选择</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>有时我们会碰到下拉框,WebDriver提供了Select类来处理下拉框 如百度搜索设置的下拉框,如下图:</strong></span></p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter">
<pre class="brush:python;gutter:true;">from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select
from time import sleep
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
driver.get('http://www.baidu.com')
# 鼠标悬停至“设置”链接
driver.find_element_by_link_text('设置').click()
sleep(1)
# 打开搜索设置
driver.find_element_by_link_text("搜索设置").click()
sleep(2)
# 搜索结果显示条数
sel = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//select[@id='nr']")
Select(sel).select_by_value('50')# 显示50条
# ……
driver.quit()select</pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>select类用于定位select标签</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong>select_by_value() 方法用于定位下接选项中的value值</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p> </p><br><br>
来源:https://www.cnblogs.com/haozong/p/11303236.html
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