debian 安装后需做的几件事

把茶当水喝 發表於 2020-3-3 23:04:00

<h1 id="debian-安装后需做的几件事">debian 安装后需做的几件事</h1>
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安装环境：X86 >> Debian 9 Linux/GNU
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<img src="https://images2017.cnblogs.com/blog/847278/201801/847278-20180118075814021-1329510493.png" alt="">
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<h2 id="apt源更新">apt源更新</h2>
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注意连上有线网络 刚安装好的debian系统中，<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>包含了本地软件仓库的源，可以预先下载好官方的所有DVD光盘数据，安装好后自己根据网络教程搭建本地仓库安装/更新软件。这里以使用网络源为实例，说明在能连接网络的情况下安装/更新软件包。 注释原来的源信息，添加debain 9的源。

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<pre><code class="hljs nginx">gedit/etc/apt/sources.list # 复制下边的仓库源到文件并保存</code></pre>
<pre><code class="hljs awk"># 163
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ stretch main
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ stretch/updates main non-free contrib</code></pre>
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更新软件
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<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get update && apt-get install aptitude
# aptitude update && aptitude dist-upgrade
# apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates #add support for https apt sources by installing a couple of packages
# apt-get install build-essential # 安装基本开发工具
# apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r) # 安装内核头文件</code></pre>
<h2 id="时间同步时区更改本地化">时间同步/时区更改/本地化</h2>
<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get install ntpdate -y # 安装时间同步软件
# ntpdate time.windows.com # 同步时间

# dpkg-reconfigure tzdata # 更改时区

# apt-get install locales
# dpkg-reconfigure locales # 本地化设置</code></pre>
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参考 Debian时间同步
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<h2 id="vim-vim-gtk">vim vim-gtk</h2>
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<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get install vim vim-gtk</code></pre>
<h2 id="输入法fcitx">输入法fcitx</h2>
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<h3 id="安装">安装</h3>
<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get install fcitx fcitx-tools fcitx-config* fcitx-frontend* fcitx-module* fcitx-ui-* presage

# apt-get remove fcitx-module-kimpanel # 移除多余的组件

# apt-get install fcitx-pinyin # 拼音
# apt-get install fcitx-sunpinyin # sun拼音
# apt-get install fcitx-googlepinyin # google拼音
# apt-get install fcitx-table-wubi-large# 五笔</code></pre>
<h3 id="配置">配置</h3>
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参考Debian中文输入法fcitx总结
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创建文件：/etc/X11/Xsession.d/95im_init（文件名95im_init貌似可以随意）
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<pre><code class="hljs coffeescript">export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
export LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8
export XMODIFIERS=@im=fcitx
fcitx &</code></pre>
注意：这里的变量<code>LANG</code>与参考中的有些区别，主要是设置成中文翻译有些翻译看上去不是很好.
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<img src="https://images2017.cnblogs.com/blog/847278/201801/847278-20180118074730568-1539050716.png" alt="">
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<h2 id="gnome-tweak-tool桌面管理工具">gnome-tweak-tool桌面管理工具</h2>
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控制桌面窗口/鼠标等的特性，给你一个更美更人性化的桌面体验。 请参考Debian 桌面美化

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<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get install gnome-tweak-tool</code></pre>
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<img src="https://images2017.cnblogs.com/blog/847278/201801/847278-20180118082439209-254276301.png" alt="">
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<h2 id="音乐软件">音乐软件</h2>
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网易云音乐
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参考debian之网易云音乐的安装
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<img src="https://images2017.cnblogs.com/blog/847278/201801/847278-20180118074804928-1384532801.png" alt="">
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<h2 id="视频播放器">视频播放器</h2>
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<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-getinstall mpv mplayer</code></pre>
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<img src="https://images2017.cnblogs.com/blog/847278/201801/847278-20180118074844021-858400774.png" alt="">
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<h2 id="firefox浏览器flashplayer安装">firefox浏览器flashplayer安装</h2>
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下载Abode flashplayer
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<img src="https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/847278/201811/847278-20181117140113484-1936373337.png" alt="">
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根据解压的<code>readme.tex</code>安装软件
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<img src="https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/847278/201811/847278-20181117140352058-516032571.png" alt="">
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<h2 id="视频录制软件">视频录制软件</h2>
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"avconv"工具录制计算机桌面
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kazam
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<pre><code class="hljs cmake">apt-get install kazam</code></pre>
<h2 id="截图软件-shutter">截图软件 shutter</h2>
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<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get install shutter</code></pre>
<h2 id="bt迅雷下载工具">BT/迅雷下载工具</h2>
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<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get install ugetqbittorrent-y</code></pre>
<h2 id="latex">latex</h2>
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方便编辑文本文档，然后生成PDF TeX Live 下载及安装说明 texlive2015-6安装

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<h2 id="conky">conky</h2>
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用于显示磁盘监控信息，不错的美化工具。
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安装

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<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get install conky</code></pre>
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配置<code>~/.conkyrc</code>
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<pre><code class="hljs smalltalk">conky.config = {
alignment = 'top_right',
background = true,
update_interval=1,
double_buffer=true,
draw_shades=false,
draw_outline=false,
draw_borders = false,
draw_graph_borders = false,
show_graph_scale = false,
show_graph_range = false,
minimum_height = 620,
minimum_width = 268,
own_window = true,
own_window_class = 'Conky',
own_window_type = 'normal',
own_window_transparent=true,
own_window_hints="undecorated,below,sticky,skip_taskbar,skip_pager",
own_window_argb_visual=true,
own_window_argb_value=0,
border_inner_margin=0,
border_outer_margin=0,
use_xft = true,
xftalpha=0.8,
font = 'DejaVu Sans Mono:size=12',
text_buffer_size=256,
short_units=true,
short_units=true,
pad_percents=2,
top_name_width=7,
alignment = 'top_left',
border_width = 1,
cpu_avg_samples = 2,
default_color = 'white',
gap_x = 5,
gap_y = 60,
net_avg_samples = 2,
no_buffers = true,
out_to_console = false,
out_to_stderr = false,
extra_newline = false,
stippled_borders = 0,
update_interval = 1.0,
uppercase = false,
use_spacer = 'none',
}

conky.text = [[
${scroll 16 $nodename - $sysname $kernel on $machine | }
$hr
${color grey}Uptime:$color $uptime
${color grey}Frequency (in MHz):$color $freq
${color grey}Frequency (in GHz):$color $freq_g
${color grey}RAM Usage:$color $mem/$memmax - $memperc% ${membar 4}
${color grey}Swap Usage:$color $swap/$swapmax - $swapperc% ${swapbar 4}
${color grey}CPU Usage:$color $cpu% ${cpubar 4}
${color grey}Processes:$color $processes${color grey}Running:$color $running_processes
$hr
${color grey}File systems:
/ $color${fs_used /}/${fs_size /} ${fs_bar 6 /}
${color grey}Networking:
Up:$color ${upspeed wlp2s0} ${color grey} - Down:$color ${downspeed wlp2s0}
$hr
${color grey}Name PID CPU% MEM%
${color lightgrey} ${top name 1} ${top pid 1} ${top cpu 1} ${top mem 1}
${color lightgrey} ${top name 2} ${top pid 2} ${top cpu 2} ${top mem 2}
${color lightgrey} ${top name 3} ${top pid 3} ${top cpu 3} ${top mem 3}
${color lightgrey} ${top name 4} ${top pid 4} ${top cpu 4} ${top mem 4}
${color lightgrey} ${top name 5} ${top pid 5} ${top cpu 5} ${top mem 5}
${color lightgrey} ${top name 6} ${top pid 6} ${top cpu 6} ${top mem 6}
${color lightgrey} ${top name 7} ${top pid 7} ${top cpu 7} ${top mem 7}
${color lightgrey} ${top name 8} ${top pid 8} ${top cpu 8} ${top mem 8}
${color lightgrey} ${top name 9} ${top pid 9} ${top cpu 9} ${top mem 9}
]]</code></pre>
<h2 id="virtualbox">VirtualBox</h2>
<hr>
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虚拟windows操作系统，便于测试或者使用一些小工具。 ubuntu下virtualbox的安装、卸载 VirtualBox Download <img src="https://images2017.cnblogs.com/blog/847278/201801/847278-20180118074922568-70661032.png" alt="">

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<h2 id="rdesktop-vnc-viewer">Rdesktop & VNC Viewer</h2>
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方便远程连接windows/Linux

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<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get install rdesktop </code></pre>
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参考VNC Viewer
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<h2 id="ftp工具">FTP工具</h2>
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<pre><code class="hljs cmake">aptitude search filezilla
aptitude install filezilla</code></pre>
<h2 id="samba">samba</h2>
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方便访问windows共享盘
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安装
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<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get install samba-client</code></pre>
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配置:使用<code>share_space.sh</code>脚本连接windows共享盘
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<pre><code class="hljs bash">#!/bin/bash
# file name: share_space.sh

mount -t cifs -o username=login_win_user,password=yourpasswd,vers=2.0 //192.168.1.22/Public/mnt/Exchange/

# //192.168.1.22/Public 为共享盘网络路径
# /mnt/Exchange/ 为挂载的位置 </code></pre>
<h2 id="绘图工具dia取代visio">绘图工具dia(取代visio)</h2>
<hr>
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强大的绘图功能
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<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get install dia</code></pre>
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<img src="https://images2017.cnblogs.com/blog/847278/201801/847278-20180125173849865-1412508515.png" alt="">
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<h2 id="固定ip地址">固定IP地址</h2>
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<h3 id="修改ip配置">修改IP配置</h3>
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查看网卡名字
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<pre><code class="hljs shell"># apt-get install libnet-ifconfig-wrapper-perl # 安装工具，若没有 ifconfig 命令
# ifconfig # 查看网卡信息</code></pre>
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<img src="https://images2017.cnblogs.com/blog/847278/201801/847278-20180131093159078-994176511.png" alt="">
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上图可以看出，网卡名为enp2s0 接下来，修改 <code>/etc/network/interfaces</code>，添加如下内容（注意，不要添加中文注释，有可能影响启动）

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<pre><code class="hljs css">auto enp2s0
iface enp2s0 inet static
address 192.168.100.38
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.100.1 </code></pre>
<img src="https://images2017.cnblogs.com/blog/847278/201801/847278-20180131093210359-1644641953.png" alt="">
<h3 id="修改dns">修改DNS</h3>
<pre><code class="hljs cmake">apt-get install resolvconf</code></pre>
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编辑 /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/base
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<pre><code class="hljs css">nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4</code></pre>
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重载
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<pre><code class="hljs nginx">resolvconf -u</code></pre>
<h3 id="重启网卡">重启网卡</h3>
<pre><code class="hljs groovy">/etc/init.d/networking restart</code></pre>
<h2 id="rar文件解压">RAR文件解压</h2>
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rar download
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<h2 id="openvpn">OpenVPN</h2>
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OpenVPN官网
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<h2 id="zoom会议">Zoom会议</h2>
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ZooM下载中心
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<h2 id="参考资料">参考资料</h2>
<hr>
.Ubuntu安装Fcitx以及Fcitx输入中文不显示候选词框的解决办法 .texlive2015-6安装 .ubuntu下virtualbox的安装、卸载 .Linux怎样访问Windows共享文件和文件夹 .Debian时间同步 .Debian中文输入法fcitx总结 .Debian 桌面美化 .Debian DNS resolv.conf 重启失效/复写
<div id="MySignature">形而上者谓之道形而下者谓之器。</div> 
来源：https://www.cnblogs.com/exmyth/p/12405428.html

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debian 安装后需做的几件事