朱爱萍 發表於 2024-1-18 11:33:00

如何在 Debian 12 上安装 MariaDB

<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-meta-i-cmd-link"><span class="md-plain">MariaDB</span><span class="md-plain"> 是一个开源多线程的关系<span class="md-meta-i-cmd-link"><span class="md-plain">数据库</span><span class="md-plain">管理系统，是 MySQL 的替代品。 MariaDB 是 <span class="md-meta-i-cmd-link"><span class="md-plain">Debian</span><span class="md-plain"> 中 <span class="md-meta-i-cmd-link"><span class="md-plain">MySQL</span><span class="md-plain"> 的默认替换方案。</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">本教程介绍如何在 Debian 12 上安装 MariaDB。</span></p>
<h3 class="md-end-block md-heading"><span class="md-plain">准备条件</span></h3>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">1、一台安装了 Debian 12 的 VPS 虚拟机 (推荐您购买一台<span class="md-meta-i-cmd-link"><span class="md-plain">阿里云VPS</span><span class="md-plain">或者<span class="md-meta-i-cmd-link"><span class="md-plain">腾讯云VPS</span><span class="md-plain">虚拟主机，如果你更喜欢国外服务器，推荐你尝试<span class="md-meta-i-cmd-link"><span class="md-plain">Vultr上的VPS</span><span class="md-plain">，注册即<span class="md-meta-i-cmd-link"><span class="md-plain">送$50美元</span><span class="md-plain">体验，性价比非常高) ，当然你自己电脑或者虚拟机中也可以。</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">2、如果使用 VPS, 基于安全考虑，建议使用非 root 账号，可以在 Debian 12 上<span class="md-meta-i-cmd-link"><span class="md-plain">创建一个具有sudo权限的账号</span><span class="md-plain">。</span></span></span></p>
<h3 class="md-end-block md-heading"><span class="md-plain">安装 MariaDB</span></h3>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">在撰写本文时，Debian main 中提供的最新 MariaDB 版本是版本 10.11.4，所以你可以直接在命令行中使用命令安装。</span></p>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">首先，以 root 身份或用户使用 sudo 权限执行以下步骤，在 Debian 12 上安装 MariaDB：</span></p>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">在命令终端中执行如下命令进行安装 MariaDB 数据库。</span></p>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">1、更新软件包</span></p>
<pre class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded"><span>sudo apt update<br><span>sudo apt install mariadb-server</span></span></pre>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">2、安装完成，数据库服务会自动启动，可通过如下命令检查服务是否正常。</span></p>
<pre class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded"><span>sudo systemctl status mariadb</span></pre>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">你会看到类似如下的输出：</span></p>
<pre class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded"><span>● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.11.4 database server<br><span>&nbsp; &nbsp; Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; preset: enabled)<br><span>&nbsp; &nbsp; Active: active (running) since Sun 2024-01-14 13:16:27 CST; 22h ago<br><span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Docs: man:mariadbd(8)<br><span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/<br><span>&nbsp; Main PID: 5224 (mariadbd)<br><span>&nbsp; &nbsp; Status: "Taking your SQL requests now..."<br><span>&nbsp; &nbsp; Tasks: 8 (limit: 2235)<br><span>&nbsp; &nbsp; Memory: 161.6M<br><span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; CPU: 1.791s<br><span>&nbsp; &nbsp; CGroup: /system.slice/mariadb.service<br><span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; └─5224 /usr/sbin/mariadbd</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></pre>
<h3 class="md-end-block md-heading"><span class="md-plain">加固 MariaDB 安全</span></h3>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">MariaDB 附带了一个脚本，可以帮助您提高安装的安全性。 要在终端中启动脚本类型 mysql_secure_installation：</span></p>
<pre class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded"><span>sudo mysql_secure_installation</span></pre>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">脚本执行过程中，系统将提示您为 root 帐户设置密码，删除匿名用户，限制 root 用户对本地计算机的访问权限并删除测试数据库。</span></p>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">类似如下：</span></p>
<pre class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded"><span>...<br><span>Enter current password for root (enter for none):<br><span>...<br><span>Set root password? Y<br><span>New password:&nbsp;<br><span>Re-enter new password:&nbsp;<br><span>...<br><span>Remove anonymous users? Y<br><span>...<br><span>Disallow root login remotely? Y<br><span>...<br><span>Remove test database and access to it? Y<br><span>...<br><span>Reload privilege tables now? Y<br><span>...<br><span>Thanks for using MariaDB!</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></pre>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">配置选项完成后，脚本将重新加载权限表，确保更改立即生效。</span></p>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">所有步骤都会详细解释，如自己无特殊个人要求，建议对所有问题选择 “Y”（是）。</span></p>
<h3 class="md-end-block md-heading"><span class="md-plain">认证方法</span></h3>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">默认情况下，MariaDB root 用户使用 unix_socket 身份验证插件，该插件在调用 mysql 客户端工具时检查有效用户 ID。</span></p>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">这意味着只有在以系统 root 身份调用 mysql 命令或将 sudo 添加到命令时，才能以 root 身份连接到 MariaDB 服务器。</span></p>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">为了提高安全性，建议保留默认的身份验证插件，并允许 root 用户仅通过 Unix 套接字进行身份验证。</span></p>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">如果要将根身份验证更改为经典身份验证，请登录 MariaDB 服务器，在命令行终端中执行：</span></p>
<pre class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded"><span>sudo mysql</span></pre>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">运行以下SQL语句以更改身份验证：</span></p>
<pre class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded"><span>ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED VIA mysql_native_password;<br><span>ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_root_passwd';</span></span></pre>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">您现在可以使用新密码连接到 MariaDB 服务器：</span></p>
<pre class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded"><span>mysql -u root -p</span></pre>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">更改身份验证插件还允许您从外部程序（如phpMyAdmin）以 root 用户身份登录</span></p>
<h3 class="md-end-block md-heading"><span class="md-plain">写在最后</span></h3>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">在本教程中，我们向您展示了如何在 Debian 12 服务器上安装 MariaDB <span class="md-meta-i-cmd-link"><span class="md-plain">数据库</span><span class="md-plain">。</span></span></span></p>
<p class="md-end-block md-p"><span class="md-plain">如果您有任何问题或反馈，欢迎随时发表评论。</span></p><br><br>
来源：https://www.cnblogs.com/linux265/p/17972180
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