Debian常用操作

那多孤独 發表於 2021-9-12 22:44:00

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Debian常用操作
 
version -- debian-11.0.0-amd64
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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作者</td>
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刘畅</td></tr>
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时间</td>
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2021-09-07</td></tr></tbody></table>
 
 
 
 
Debian是精简的Linux发行版，有着干净的作业环境，拥有庞大的包库。
Debian 系统常用于制作docker应用镜像的基础镜像使用，因为它体积小，相比使用Centos
制作的镜像，体积要小很多。
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
目录
0
Debian镜像下载 1
1 修改语言 2
2 vim编辑器 5
3 添加网卡 5
4 添加apt源 6
5 Debian日常使用 7
5.1 Debian和Centos的关系 7
5.2 Debian和Ubuntu的关系 7
5.3 常用服务配置文件路径 7
5.4 查看系统版本号 7
5.5 创建用户 7
5.6 修改运行级别 8
5.7 创建rc.local文件 9
5.8 防火墙和SElinux 9
5.9 动态添加删除IP地址 9
5.10
.bash.rc默认注释了命令别名 10
5.11 默认没有rsync 10
5.12 SSH 默认不允许 root 远程登录 10
6 Debian软件包和Centos软件包的区别 10
6.1 apt相关的文件 10
6.2
apt-get子命令 11
6.3
apt-get命令选项 11
6.4
apt-cache命令 11
6.5 软件包操作对比 11
6.6 示例: 安装和卸载nginx 12
7 软件仓库 13
7.1 deb软件仓库配置 13
7.2 客户机测试 15
7.3 rsync同步中科大镜像源 16
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<h1 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">0 Debian镜像下载</h1>
Debian镜像下载提供的下载方式有iso-dvd、bt-dvd、jigdo-dvd ……，这里介绍jigdo方式下载。
1 jigdo介绍
Jigdo需要先下载一个索引文件，然后读取这个索引，下载所有需要的deb包和其它文件，最后再用mkisofs生 成一个完整的ISO光盘镜像。这样做的好处就是，如果你已经有了一个老版本的Debian光盘映像，新版出了之 后，你可以不用重新下载新的，而可以直接用Jigdo在旧版本的基础上下载一些更新后的文件(算是增量更新)， 最后生成一个新的镜像，节省大量时间。也可以选择iso镜像进行直接下载。
 
2 安装jigdo
官方网站为http://atterer.org/jigdo/，Debian和Ubuntu用户可直接从官方仓库安装。 #
apt-get install jigdo-file -y #
mkdir -p dvd && cd
dvd/ # jigdo-lite
 
3 下载镜像
(1) 它会问你要一个'.jigdo'文件，这就是它所需要的索引文件，jigdo不支持https方式下载，只支持http方式 <img width="811" height="176" title="wps1" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps1" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224321279-668048718.jpg" border="0"> http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-cd/11.0.0/amd64/jigdo-dvd/debian-11.0.0-amd64-DVD-1.jigdo <img width="811" height="113" title="wps2" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps2" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224321794-1606330131.jpg" border="0"> 补充: 官方只有最新的镜像(https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/iso-dvd/)，没有之前的镜像，如果要下载之前的 Debian版本，可以访问地址https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/archive/ (2) 让我输入旧镜像的路径，因为是第一次下载，跳过即可 <img width="811" height="153" title="wps3" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps3" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224322522-1571595850.jpg" border="0"> 注意: 如果根据旧镜像下载，一定要把镜像的架构、光盘格式(CD或DVD)以及编号对上，比如使用debian-8.11.0-amd64-DVD-3.iso 的旧镜像升级到11.0.0版本，就用debian-11.0.0-amd64-DVD-3.jigdo，不然下载的时候就会出现错误。 (3) 提供一个Debian镜像站的地址，找一个离你这里网络较快的Debian镜像站 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ <img width="813" height="162" title="wps4" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps4" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224323330-111040259.jpg" border="0"> (4)
接下来Jigdo就正式下载镜像了，你会看到jigdo会一个个的wget所需要的软件包，完成之后他会自动利用 mkisofs将下载到的文件合成为一个完整的ISO镜像，并进行校验 <img width="813" height="312" title="wps5" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps5" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224324161-2083634852.jpg" border="0">
 
4 版本对应
参考网站: https://baike.baidu.com/item/Debian/748667?fr=aladdin 8
Jessie、9
stretch、10
Buster、11
Bullseye、12 Bookworm
<h1 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">1 修改语言</h1>
1 查看当前语言
# locale <=> localectl
 #
显示当前使用的语言字符集 #
locale -a #
查看系统可用的语言环境 <img width="811" height="362" title="wps6" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps6" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224324868-514160715.jpg" border="0">
 
2 修改语言(方法一，推荐)
(1) 修改/etc/locale.gen文件，为系统增加English语言包 #
localectl set-locale en_US.UTF-8 (2) 修改/etc/default/locale文件，指定当前默认语言环境并生效 #
sed -i 's|LANGUAGE=zh_CN:zh|LANGUAGE=en_US:en|'
/etc/default/locale # source /etc/default/locale
 
3 修改语言(方法二)
# env
| grep LANG # export
LANG=en_US.UTF-8 # dpkg-reconfigure
locales (1)
选中en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 上下键: 连续内容上下移动光标 tab键: 不连续内容移动光标 space键: 选中内容，确认 <img width="650" height="484" title="wps7" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps7" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224325560-834060250.jpg" border="0"> (2) 选中en_US.UTF-8后保存 <img width="646" height="478" title="wps8" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps8" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224326204-760784027.jpg" border="0"> (3)
修改/etc/default/locale文件，指定当前默认语言环境并生效 #
sed -i 's|#LANGUAGE="zh_CN:zh"|LANGUAGE=en_US:en|'
/etc/default/locale # source /etc/default/locale
 
 
4 查看当前语言
<img width="806" height="378" title="wps9" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps9" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224326708-1980136101.jpg" border="0"> 
<h1 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">2 vim编辑器</h1>
1 Debian安装完成后默认的vi编辑器存在缺陷，编辑文件时使用不正常 #
apt-get
install vim -y 2 Debian的vim右键进入visual模式解决方法 # vim
/usr/share/vim/vim82/defaults.vim +82 # 将mouse=a改为mouse-=a
<h1 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">3 添加网卡</h1>
1 查看当前的网卡名为ens33
<img width="810" height="184" title="wps10" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps10" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224327355-365449535.jpg" border="0"> 
 
2 添加网卡(注意: 只有网卡名前加auto的网卡才会生效)
# cat >> /etc/network/interfaces <<
EOF # The primary network interface #allow-hotplug
ens33 auto
ens33 iface
ens33 inet static   address
10.0.0.102/24   gateway 10.0.0.253 EOF
 
3 添加dns解析
# cat > /etc/resolv.conf <<
EOF search 0.0 nameserver
223.5.5.5 nameserver 223.6.6.6 EOF
 
4 重启网卡
# systemctl restart
networking.service # ip addr <img width="809" height="260" title="wps11" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps11" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224327993-1578940451.jpg" border="0">
 
5 使用xshell 5连接
(1)
连接时报错 <img width="276" height="173" title="wps12" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps12" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224328431-380210070.jpg" border="0"> (2)
原因 xshell 5版本太低了 (3)
解决办法 使用xshell 7进行连接

<h1 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">4 添加apt源</h1>
参考文档: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/debian/ # > /etc/apt/sources.list #
cat > /etc/apt/sources.list <<
EOF deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/
bullseye main contrib non-free deb
http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib
non-free deb
http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib
non-free deb
http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main
contrib non-free EOF # apt-get update
<h1 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5 Debian日常使用</h1>
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.1 Debian和Centos的关系</h2>
没什么关系。Debian的版本命名更好玩一些，以电影<玩具总动员>里的人物命名。
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.2 Debian和Ubuntu的关系</h2>
Ubuntu是基于Debian的，与Debian使用相同的deb软件包格式，可以安装绝大多数为Debian编译的软件包， 虽然不能保证完全兼容，但大多数情况是兼容的。 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.3 常用服务配置文件路径</h2>
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服务</td>
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Debian</td></tr>
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网卡配置文件</td>
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/etc/network/interfaces</td></tr>
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DNS配置文件</td>
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/etc/resolv.conf</td></tr>
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软件源配置文件</td>
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/etc/apt/sources.list</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.4 查看系统版本号</h2>
root@debian-11:~# uname -a Linux
debian-11 5.10.0-8-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 5.10.46-4 (2021-08-03) x86_64
GNU/Linux root@debian-11:~#
cat /etc/debian_version 11.0
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.5 创建用户</h2>
1 useradd默认不创建家目录，需要手动创建并更改权限 <img width="807" height="85" title="wps13" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps13" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224328900-986881761.jpg" border="0"> <img width="807" height="105" title="wps14" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps14" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224329325-1376072818.jpg" border="0"> 再为用户创建密码就可以远程登录了 # passwd liuchang 2 adduser自动创建家目录 <img width="807" height="408" title="wps15" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps15" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224329927-373151780.jpg" border="0">
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.6 修改运行级别</h2>
<img width="583" height="194" title="wps16" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps16" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224330444-162163686.jpg" border="0"> # systemctl get-default # systemctl set-default
multi-user.target (1)
使用了 Systemd，就不需要再用init了。Systemd
取代了initd，成为系统的第一个进程(PID等于1），其他进 程都是它的子进程。每一个 Unit 都有一个配置文件，告诉 Systemd 怎么启动这个Unit。 (2)
Systemd
默认从目录/etc/systemd/system/读取配置文件。但是，里面存放的大部分文件都是符号链接，指向 目录/usr/lib/systemd/system/，真正的配置文件存放在指向的那个目录。systemctl
enable命令用于在上面两个目 录之间，建立符号链接关系。 (3) 默认的 RunLevel（在/etc/inittab文件设置）现在被默认的 Target 取代，位置是/etc/systemd/system/default.target，通常符号链接到graphical.target（图形界面）或者multi-user.target（多用户命令行）。 (4) 启动脚本的位置，以前是/etc/init.d目录，符号链接到不同的 RunLevel 目录（比如/etc/rc3.d、/etc/rc5.d等） ，现在则存放在/lib/systemd/system和/etc/systemd/system目录。 (5) 配置文件的位置，以前init进程的配置文件是/etc/inittab，各种服务的配置文件存放在/etc/sysconfig目录。现 在的配置文件主要存放在/lib/systemd目录，在/etc/systemd目录里面的修改可以覆盖原始设置。 (6)
Target
与传统 RunLevel 的对应关系如下 <img width="677" height="213" title="wps17" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps17" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224331001-1170326783.jpg" border="0"> 参考文档: http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2016/03/systemd-tutorial-commands.html
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.7
创建rc.local文件</h2>
# cat >> /lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service
<< EOF WantedBy=multi-user.target Alias=rc-local.service EOF #
systemctl daemon-reload # systemctl enable rc-local Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/rc-local.service
→ /lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service. Created symlink
/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/rc-local.service →
/lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service. # cat > /etc/rc.local <<
EOF #!/bin/bash echo "test rc.local " >
/tmp/rctest.log EOF # chmod +x /etc/rc.local
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.8
防火墙和SElinux</h2>
Debian默认没有SElinux 防火墙默认没有任何规则
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.9
动态添加删除IP地址</h2>
1 网卡上增加一个IP
# ifconfig ens33:02 10.0.0.103 netmask
255.255.255.0
 
2 删除网卡的第二个IP地址
# ip addr del 10.0.0.103/24 dev
ens33:02
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.10 .bash.rc默认注释了命令别名</h2>
# cat >> /etc/profile <<
EOF export LS_OPTIONS='--color=auto' eval
"\$(dircolors)" alias
ls='ls $LS_OPTIONS' alias
ll='ls $LS_OPTIONS -l' alias
l='ls $LS_OPTIONS -lA' alias
rm='rm -i' alias
cp='cp -i' alias mv='mv -i' EOF # source /etc/profile
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.11
默认没有rsync</h2>
# apt-get install rsync -y 注: apt
安装后会有 init.d 和 systemd 启动脚本 #!/bin/bash lsb_functions="/lib/lsb/init-functions" if
test -f $lsb_functions; then .
$lsb_functions fi
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">5.12
SSH 默认不允许 root
远程登录</h2>
# sed -i 's|#PermitRootLogin
prohibit-password|PermitRootLogin yes|' /etc/ssh/sshd_config # systemctl restart ssh.service
<h1 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">6 Debian软件包和Centos软件包的区别</h1>
CentOS 和 Red Hat 使用 yum
安装,而
Debian 和 ubnutu
使用 apt 工具。
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">6.1 apt相关的文件</h2>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: currentColor; border-image: none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insideh: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 0.5000pt solid windowtext" border="1" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="padding: 0 5.4pt; border: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-image: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
/etc/apt/sources.list</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
设置软件包的获取来源</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
apt的各种配置文件</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
/var/cache/apt/archives/</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
存放已经下载的软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
/var/cache/apt/archives/partial/</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
存放正在下载的软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
/var/lib/apt/lists/</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
存放已经下载的软件包详细信息</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
存放正在下载的软件包详细信息</td></tr></tbody></table>
 
 
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">6.2 apt-get子命令</h2>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: currentColor; border-image: none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insideh: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 0.5000pt solid windowtext" border="1" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="padding: 0 5.4pt; border: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-image: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
update</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
更新软件包列表</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
upgrade</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
更新系统中的所有软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
install</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
安装软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
remove</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
卸载软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
autoremove</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
仅删除不需要再次下载的软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
purge</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
彻底删除软件包(包括配置文件)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
source</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
下载源代码</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
build-dep</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
自动下载安装编译某个软件所需要的软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
dist-upgrade</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
升级整个发行版</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
clean</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
删除本地缓存中所有的升级包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
autoclean</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
删除本地缓存中无用的软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
check</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
检查是否存在有问题的依赖关系</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">6.3 apt-get命令选项</h2>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: currentColor; border-image: none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insideh: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 0.5000pt solid windowtext" border="1" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="padding: 0 5.4pt; border: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-image: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
-d,--download-only</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
仅下载,不安装</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
-f,--fix-broken</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
修复依赖问题(用于
install 和 remove
子命令)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
-m,--ignore-missing,--fix-missing</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
忽律缺失的软件包,遇到无法下载的软件包,自动忽略</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
--no-download</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
禁止下载软件包,与-m 配合,可以使 apt
只使用已经下载的软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
-q,--quiet</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
静默模式,输出的信息适合做日志</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
-s,--simulate,--just-print</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
模拟测试,不做实际操作,不改变系统</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
-y,--yes,--assume-yes</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
在系统提问时,自动应答 yes</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
-u,show-upgraded</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
显示已升级的软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
-V,--verbose-versions</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
显示已安装和升级的软件包的完整版本号</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
-b,--compile,--build</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
在源码包下载完成后进行编译</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
--ignore-hold</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
忽略被保留的软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
--no-upgrade</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
不要升级软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
--force-yes</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
强制回答 yes</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
--print-uris</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
仅答应软件包地址,不安装</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
--purge</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
彻底删除,包括配置文件</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
--reinstall</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
重新安装软件包</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">6.4 apt-cache命令</h2>
功能: 搜索某个软件包的名字或显示某个软件包的详细信息
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: currentColor; border-image: none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insideh: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 0.5000pt solid windowtext" border="1" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="padding: 0 5.4pt; border: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-image: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
搜索mariadb-server的软件包</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
apt-cache search mariadb-server</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
搜索mariadb-server软件包的详细版本号</td>
<td width="523" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
apt-cache show mariadb-server</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">6.5
软件包操作对比</h2>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: currentColor; border-image: none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insideh: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 0.5000pt solid windowtext" border="1" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="padding: 0 5.4pt; border: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-image: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
操作内容</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
CentOS</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
Debian</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="877" valign="top" style="background: rgba(174, 218, 179, 1); border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext" colspan="3">
基本信息</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
软件包后缀</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
*.rpm</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
*.deb</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
软件源配置文件</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
/etc/yum.conf</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
/etc/apt/sources.list</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="877" valign="top" style="background: rgba(174, 218, 179, 1); border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext" colspan="3">
安装,删除,升级软件包</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
更新软件包列表</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
yum makecache fast</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
apt-get update</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
从软件仓库安装软件</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
yum install package</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
apt-gen install package</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
安装一个已下载的软件包</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
yum install pkg.rmp
rpm -ivh pkg.rpm</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
dpkg -i pkg.deb
dpkg --install pkg.deb</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 77.2pt">
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
删除软件包[仓库源]</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
[删除包、依赖、配置信息]
# yum remove package
[显示软件包的依赖信息]
yum deplist package</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
[删除包、依赖，不删除配置文件]
apt-get remove package
[删除包、依赖，配置文件]
apt-get purge package
apt-get remove --purge package
[显示软件包的依赖信息]
apt-cache depends package</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 79.3pt">
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
删除软件包[包管理器]</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
[删除包、配置信息，被依赖时不删除]
rpm -e package
[删除包、配置信息，忽略依赖]
rpm -e --nodeps package
[删除包、依赖、配置信息]
rpm -qa | grep package |xargs -i rpm -e --nodeps {}
[查看已被安装包的依赖]
rpm -qR package
[查看未被安装包的依赖]
rpm -qpR path_to_rpm_file</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
[删除包，不删除配置文件，被依赖时不删除]
dpkg -r package
[删除包、配置文件，被依赖时不删除]
dpkg -P package
[删除包、配置文件，忽略依赖]
dpkg --ignore-depends=<依赖包1>,<依赖包2>
-P
package
[查看已被安装、未被安装包的依赖]
apt install apt-rdepends
apt-rdepends package
[查看未被安装包的依赖]
dpkg --info path_to_deb_file</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 26.6pt">
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
升级指定软件包</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
yum update package
rpm -Uvh package.rpm</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
apt-get upgrade package
dpkg --update-avail package.dep</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="877" valign="top" style="background: rgba(174, 218, 179, 1); border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext" colspan="3">
软件包信息</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
获取某软件包的信息</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
yum search package</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
apt-cache search package</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
获取所有已经安装的软件</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
yum list installed
rpm -qa | grep package</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
dpkg -l | grep package
dpkg --get-selections | grep package</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
获取某个已经安装软件包的信息</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
yum info package
rpm -qi package</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
dpkg --status packages</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="353" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
列出某个已安装软件包所包含的文件列表</td>
<td width="271" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
rpm -ql package</td>
<td width="252" valign="top" style="border-top: 3px none currentColor; border-right: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); border-left: 3px none currentColor; padding: 0 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext">
dpkg -S package</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">6.6
示例: 安装和卸载nginx</h2>
1 安装nginx # apt-get
update # apt-get
install nginx -y 2 卸载nginx (1)
关闭nginx服务 # systemctl
stop nginx.service (2)
卸载nginx，包括配置文件 #
apt-get purge nginx -y (3)
列出与nginx相关的依赖包 #
dpkg --get-selections | grep nginx <=>
dpkg -l | grep nginx <img width="803" height="126" title="wps18" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps18" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224331527-2057947371.jpg" border="0"> (4)
卸载与nginx相关的依赖包，包括配置文件 #
apt-get --purge remove nginx-common -y (5)
移除全部不使用的软件包 #
apt-get autoremove -y (6)
全局查找与nginx相关的文件 #
find / -type d -name nginx* # rm -rf file
<h1 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">7 软件仓库</h1>
仓库服务器地址: 10.0.0.102
验证服务器地址: 10.0.0.105
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">7.1
deb软件仓库配置</h2>
1 编译安装nginx
(1)
创建用户 # groupadd
nginx -g
888 # useradd
nginx -u 888 -g 888 -M -s /sbin/nologin (2)
安装依赖 # apt-get
-y install build-essential libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev openssl
libssl-dev# mkdir
-p /data/mydeb/ # wget
-q http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz # tar
-xzf
nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz # cd
nginx-1.18.0/ #
./configure --user=nginx --group=nginx --prefix=/opt/nginx
--with-http_stub_status_module \ --with-http_ssl_module #
make && make install # egrep
-v "#|^$" /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf.default
>/opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf (3)
修改配置文件 # cat /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf worker_processes  1; user
nginx; events
{     worker_connections  1024; } http
{     include       mime.types;     default_type  application/octet-stream;     sendfile        on;     keepalive_timeout  65;     server
{         listen       80;         server_name  localhost;         location
/ {             autoindex             on;             autoindex_exact_size  off;             autoindex_localtime   on;             root                  /data/mydeb/;         }     } } # /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx
-t # /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx
 
2 只下载不安装软件包
# apt-get clean #
ls -lh /var/cache/apt/archives/ #
apt-get install -d apache2 -y # ls -lh /var/cache/apt/archives/ <img width="777" height="229" title="wps19" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps19" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224332211-956141193.jpg" border="0">
 
3 移动自定义的 DEB 安装包到仓库
# mv /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb
/data/mydeb/
 
4 更新仓库信息索引
# apt-get install dpkg-dev -y #
cd /data/mydeb #
dpkg-scanpackages ./ /dev/null | gzip -9c > Packages.gz <img width="787" height="61" title="wps20" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps20" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224332794-859943834.jpg" border="0"> # 查看索引压缩包内容 # zcat Packages.gz
 
5 在页面中查看
http://10.0.0.102/ <img width="638" height="243" title="wps21" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps21" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224333329-1742937408.jpg" border="0">
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">7.2
客户机测试</h2>
1 添加源 #
echo 'deb http://10.0.0.102:80/ /' >
/etc/apt/sources.list 2 更新源 #
apt-get clean # apt-get
update <img width="552" height="432" title="wps22" style="margin: 0; border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps22" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224333974-530399117.jpg" border="0"> 3
安装测试 #
apt-get install apache2 -y <img width="557" height="376" title="wps23" style="border: 0 currentColor; border-image: none; display: inline; background-image: none" alt="wps23" src="https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1616600/202109/1616600-20210912224334656-793778940.jpg" border="0"> ……
<h2 align="justify" style="margin: 12pt 0; padding: 0 0 1pt; border-bottom: 1pt dotted rgba(132, 60, 11, 1); -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph">7.3
rsync同步中科大镜像源</h2>
注: 推荐使用什么包再复制什么包过去，不然可能会同步很多不需要的文件，占用磁盘空间。 官方文档: https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/rsync-guide.html 1 列出 /repo/ 路径下的目录列表 # rsync
rsync://rsync.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/repo/debian/ 2 同步源 # rsync -azP
rsync://rsync.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/repo/debian /data/mydeb/ 
来源：https://www.cnblogs.com/LiuChang-blog/p/15260458.html

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Debian常用操作