Ubuntu 20.04最佳配置指南(新手必备)
<p><strong>一、系统配置</strong></p><p><strong>1、关闭sudo密码</strong></p>
<p>为了避免每次使用sudo命令时都输入密码，我们可以将密码关闭。操作方法：</p>
<p>1、终端输⼊命令 sudo visudo ，打开 visudo；</p>
<p>2、找到 %sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL 这⼀⾏修改为 %sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL</p>
<p><strong>2. 修改软件源</strong></p>
<p>Ubuntu 默认的软件源是境外的，速度上会有些问题，我们可以在「So!ware & Updates」(软件和更新)中<br>选择国内的镜像。</p>
<p><img src="https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202006/2020060110060512.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p><strong>3. 更新系统</strong></p>
<p># 更新本地报数据库</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt update</code></div>
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<p># 更新所有已安装的包（也可以使⽤ full-upgrade）</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt upgrade</code></div>
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<p># ⾃动移除不需要的包</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt autoremove</code></div>
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<p>这⾥补充⼏个常⽤的清理命令：</p>
<p><img src="https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202006/2020060110060513.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p><strong>4. ⾼分屏适配</strong></p>
<p>默认情况⾼分屏下 UI 元素显得过⼩，因此需要调整界⾯的缩放⽐例。Ubuntu20.04 默认是 GNOME 桌<br>⾯，GNOME 可以在 Settings>Displays（设置>显示）中开启 HiDPI ⽀持，以整数倍来调整屏幕⽐例。也<br>可以通过如下命令的来设置：</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="plain plain"># scaling-factor 仅能设置为整数 1=100%，2=200% 3=300% ......</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="plain plain">gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface scaling-factor 2</code></div>
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<p>整数倍的缩放设置，在部分设备上 UI 元素要么显得过⼤，要么显得过⼩，因此我们需要进⼀步调整。<br>使⽤下⾯的命令查看你 Linux 设备上的 Window System（图形接⼝协议），通常是 Wayland/X11</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="plain plain">echo $XDG_SESSION_TYPE</code></div>
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<p><strong>Wayland</strong></p>
<p>如果是 wayland，使⽤下⾯的命令启动实验性的⾮整数倍缩放功能。</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="plain plain">settings set org.gnome.mutter experimental-features "['scale-monitor-framebuffer']"</code></div>
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<p>之后再次打开 Settings>Displays，就可以选择⾮整数倍缩放（125%、150%、175%）。Ubuntu20.04 已<br>经在 Settings>Displays 中提供了图形化的界⾯来开启实验性的⾮整数倍的缩放功能，因此⽆需通过上⾯<br>的命令来开启。</p>
<p>我试验下来，这种⽅式⽆法在我的设备上正常设置⾮整数倍缩放。我判断是因为 Ubuntu20.04 默<br>认的 Window System 是 X11 ⽽不是 Wayland，如果你的设备上是 Wayland，应该是可以正常设置<br>的。或者你在登陆桌⾯系统时选择 Ubuntu On Wayland 理论上也是可以的。</p>
<p><strong>X11</strong></p>
<p>对于 X11，我们可以同时使⽤ scaling-factor 和 xrandr 来实现⾮整数倍缩放，这可以使 TTF 字体被正确缩放，防⽌单独使⽤ xrandr 时出现的模糊现象。您可以使⽤ gsettings 或者在 Settings>Displays 中来指定放⼤系数，并⽤ xrandr 指定缩⼩系数。<br>⾸先将界⾯缩放系数设置为「UI看起来太⼤」的最⼩系数，通常是 2（200%），如果不够⼤就继续尝试3 甚⾄更⼤的系数。然后使⽤ xrandr 来设置缩⼩系数，我⾃⼰设置的是 1.25，如果 UI 看起来太⼤就提⾼系数，反之就降低系数。命令如下：</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="plain plain">xrandr --output DP-4 --scale 1.25x1.25</code></div>
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<p>使⽤上述命令你可能会遇到 warning: output DP-4 not founnd; gnoring 的提示，或者执⾏命令后界⾯⽆任何变化。此时你需要执⾏ xrandr 命令来查看你的 output 参数（也就是当前显示接⼝的名称，⽇志中显示 connected 的就是），⽐如我设备上的是 DP-4。</p>
<p><img src="https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202006/2020060110060514.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>正确执⾏完命令后可能会出现 UI 元素过⼩的情况，回去 Settings>Displays 中看看，是不是整数倍缩放<br>被还原成了 100%，如果是重新选择合适的缩放⽐例即可（⽐如 200%）。重启后 xrandr 的设置会失效，我们可以设置个启动⾃动执⾏的脚本，⽐如： start-service.sh ：</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># start-service.sh</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash preprocessor bold">#!/bin/bash</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash plain">xrandr --output DP-4 --scale 1.25x1.25</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash functions">exit</code> <code class="bash plain">0</code></div>
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<p>接着给 start-service.sh 授予执⾏权限</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">chmod</code> <code class="bash plain">+x start-service.sh</code></div>
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<p>然后在 Ubuntu 中搜索「sartup Applications」(启动应⽤程序) ，将脚本添加进去：</p>
<p><img src="https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202006/2020060110060515.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>⾄此就能完美的⽀持 4K 屏显示了。</p>
<p><strong>5. 安装 Python2</strong></p>
<p>Ubuntu20.04 ⾃带了 python3，但是某些第三⽅⼯具或者脚本还是⽤的 python2，因此我们需要⾃⾏安装</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">python</code></div>
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<p><strong>6. 安装 Git</strong></p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">git</code></div>
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<p><strong>7. 中⽂输⼊法</strong></p>
<p>由于搜狗输⼊法⽬前还不⽀持Ubuntu20.04，加之其对⾼分屏⽀持不太友好，因此不再折腾选择了 ibus-libpinyin。</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">ibus-libpinyin</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">ibus-clutter</code></div>
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<p>接着在应⽤程序中找到「Language Support」(语⾔⽀持)，更改「Keyboard input method system」(键盘输⼊法系统)为「IBUS」。重启系统，然后在Settings>Region & Language>Input Sources（设置>区域与语⾔>输⼊源）中新增「Chinese(Intelligent Pinyin)」(中⽂(智能拼⾳))就可以使⽤中⽂输⼊法了。</p>
<p>⼆. 打造你的命令⾏⼯具(Terminator && ZSH)</p>
<p>安装 Terminnator</p>
<p>如果你⽤惯了 Mac 平台下的 iTerm2，⼀定会对它的分屏功能恋恋不忘，然⽽ Ubuntu ⾃带的 Terminal 并不好⽤。好在 Linux 下有各种开源 Terminal，个⼈⽐较推荐 Terminator，强⼤如 iTerm2，⼀样⽀持分屏。</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">add-apt-repository ppa:gnome-terminator</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt update</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">terminator</code></div>
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<p>Terminator 默认的界⾯⽐较丑，不过配置灵活，⼤家可以根据喜好⾃⾏调整。</p>
<p>2. 配置 Shell（安装 zsh 和 oh-my-zsh）</p>
<p>搞定了 Terminal，接下来配置 Shell。执⾏下⾯的命令：</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">cat</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/shells</code></div>
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<p>可以看到 Ubuntu 已经内置了各种 Shell：</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash plain">/bin/bash</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash plain">/bin/csh</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash plain">/bin/dash</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash plain">/bin/ksh</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash plain">/bin/sh</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="bash plain">/bin/tcsh</code></div>
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<p>市⾯上常⽤的 Linux 发⾏版本通常默认使⽤的 Shell 都是 bash，但 zsh 要远⽐ bash 强⼤的多。</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装 zsh</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">zsh</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 将 zsh 设置为系统默认 shell</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">chsh -s </code><code class="bash plain">/bin/zsh</code></div>
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<p>不过 zsh 的配置太复杂，好在有⼈开发了 oh-my-zsh，可以让我们更⽅便的配置 zsh。</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># ⾃动安装，如果你没安装 git 需要先安装 git</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash plain">wget https:</code><code class="bash plain">//github</code><code class="bash plain">.com</code><code class="bash plain">/robbyrussell/oh-my-zsh/raw/master/tools/install</code><code class="bash plain">.sh -O - | sh</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 或者也可以选择⼿动安装</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash plain">git clone git:</code><code class="bash plain">//github</code><code class="bash plain">.com</code><code class="bash plain">/robbyrussell/oh-my-zsh</code><code class="bash plain">.git ~/.oh-my-zsh</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash functions">cp</code> <code class="bash plain">~/.oh-my-zsh</code><code class="bash plain">/templates/zshrc</code><code class="bash plain">.zsh-template ~/.zshrc</code></div>
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<p>重启 Terminal 你就能发现变化。</p>
<p>3. ZSH 配置</p>
<p>zsh 的配置主要集中在 ~/.zshrc ⽂件⾥，⽐如我们可以给常⽤命令配置别名：</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">alias</code> <code class="bash plain">cls=</code><code class="bash string">'clear'</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">alias</code> <code class="bash plain">ll=</code><code class="bash string">'ls -l'</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash functions">alias</code> <code class="bash plain">la=</code><code class="bash string">'ls -a'</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash functions">alias</code> <code class="bash functions">vi</code><code class="bash plain">=</code><code class="bash string">'vim'</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash functions">alias</code> <code class="bash functions">grep</code><code class="bash plain">=</code><code class="bash string">"grep --color=auto"</code></div>
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<p>或者选择 zsh 的主题</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash plain">ZSH_THEME=</code><code class="bash string">"robbyrussell"</code></div>
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<p>oh-my-zsh 内置了很多主题，对应的主题⽂件存放在 ~/.oh-my-zsh/themes ⽬录下，你可以根据⾃⼰的喜<br>好选择或者编辑主题。</p>
<p>4. ZSH 插件安装</p>
<p>oh-my-zsh 还⽀持各种插件，存放在 ~/.oh-my-zsh/plugins ⽬录下。这⾥推荐⼏款：<br>autojump：快速切换⽬录插件</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">autojump</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 使⽤</code></div>
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<p>zsh-autosuggestions：命令⾏命令键⼊时的历史命令建议插件</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash plain">git clone https:</code><code class="bash plain">//github</code><code class="bash plain">.com</code><code class="bash plain">/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions</code> <code class="bash plain">${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash plain">zsh</code><code class="bash plain">/custom</code><code class="bash plain">}</code><code class="bash plain">/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions</code></div>
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<p>zsh-syntax-highlighting：命令⾏语法⾼亮插件</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash plain">git clone https:</code><code class="bash plain">//github</code><code class="bash plain">.com</code><code class="bash plain">/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting</code><code class="bash plain">.git ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash plain">~/.oh-my-zsh</code><code class="bash plain">/custom</code><code class="bash plain">}</code><code class="bash plain">/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting</code></div>
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<p>插件安装好后需要在 ~/.zshrc ⽂件⾥配置后⽅可使⽤，配置如下</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 打开 ~/.zshrc ⽂件，找到如下这⾏配置代码，在后⾯追加插件名</code></div>
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<p>5. 有趣的命令⾏⼩玩具</p>
<p>配置好Terminator 和 ZSH 后，我们还可以为命令⾏添加些有趣的⼩玩具。<br>CMatrix(https://github.com/abishekvashok/cmatrix)</p>
<p>终端⿊客帝国屏保</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">cmatrix</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 运⾏（加上 -lba 参数看起来更像电影，加上 -ol 参数起来更像 Win/Mac 的屏保）</code></div>
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<p>效果图：<br>Steam Locomotive(https://github.com/mtoyoda/sl)</p>
<p>终端⼩⽕⻋动效</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">sl</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 运⾏</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash plain">sl</code></div>
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<p>效果图：</p>
<p><img src="https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202006/2020060110060516.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>Screenfetch(https://github.com/KittyKatt/screenFetch)</p>
<p>The Bash Screenshot Information Tool，⽤于在终端显示系统信息及 ASCII 化的 Linux 发⾏版图标</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">screenfetch</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 运⾏</code></div>
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<p>效果图：</p>
<p><img src="https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202006/2020060110060517.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p><strong>三. 软件安装</strong></p>
<p>1. 安装***(搭个tizi，你懂的)</p>
<p>第⼀步：到 https://github.com/Dreamacro/***/releases 下载最新的 Linux 版 ***，例如： ***-<br>linux-amd64-v0.19.0.gz。解压后得到⼀个可执⾏⽂件 ***-linux-amd64-v0.19.0：</p>
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<p>第⼆步：使⽤ mv 命令移动到 /usr/local/bin/***：</p>
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<p>第三步：终端输⼊ sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/*** 添加执⾏权限；</p>
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<p>第四步：终端执⾏ *** 命令，运⾏ ***；</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 运⾏ ***</code></div>
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<p>此时会在 /home/{⽤户ID}/.config/*** ⽬录下⽣成两个⽂件：config.yaml 和 Country.mmdb；编辑config.yaml ⽂件，配置代理服务器信息和规则，部分商家会提供yaml⽂件，下载后 copy 过来即可；</p>
<p>重启 ***（关闭并重新打开终端，执⾏ *** 命令）以加载更新后的配置⽂件；</p>
<p>保持 *** 运⾏，打开浏览器访问 ***.razord.top 进⾏策略配置、选择代理线路等等（可能需要根据提示输⼊IP、端⼝和⼝令，具体内容可在 config.yaml 中查看；</p>
<p>继续保持 *** 运⾏，在系统⽹络设置中设置⼿动代理 Settings>Network>Network Proxy>Manual（设置>⽹络>代理>⼿动），配置信息参考 config.yaml 或者启动 *** 时终端输出的⽇志。此时就可以通过*** 访问⽹络了。</p>
<p>按照前⾯的⽅式配置好后，每次系统启动时都需要打开终端，执⾏ *** 命令，并且终端不可以关闭，否者整个 *** 进程就结束了。如果不想⼀直保持终端打开，可使⽤ nohup *** 命令启动后台运⾏。或者希望开机⾃启动 ***，可将 nohup *** 这段命令加⼊到前⾯提到的 start-service.sh 脚本的最后。</p>
<p>2. 安装Typroa(开源MarkDown编辑器)</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># or run:</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash comments"># sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys BA300B7755AFCFAE</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash plain">wget -qO - https:</code><code class="bash plain">//typora</code><code class="bash plain">.io</code><code class="bash plain">/linux/public-key</code><code class="bash plain">.asc | </code><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-key add -</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash comments"># add Typora's repository</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">add-apt-repository </code><code class="bash string">'deb https://typora.io/linux ./'</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt update</code></div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># install typora</code></div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">typora</code></div>
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<p>3. JetBrains 全家桶</p>
<p>安装 JetBrains 的 ToolBox App 后可以⽆脑⼀键安装旗下各种 IDE，包括 Android Studio。</p>
<p><img src="https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202006/2020060110060518.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>4. 其它应⽤程序安装</p>
<p>对于官⽹已经提供了 Ubuntu 版本 .deb 安装⽂件的，可在官⽹下载 .deb 安装⽂件后，执⾏下⾯的命令安<br>装：</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装</code></div>
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<p>如果你是较早的 Linux 发⾏版本，需要使⽤下⾯的命令安装（下同）：</p>
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<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">-f </code><code class="bash comments"># Install dependencies</code></div>
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<p><img src="https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202006/2020060110060619.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>注：部分应⽤程序并不受 Scale 缩放系数的控制，因此即使在 Settings>Displays（设置>显示）中将Scale 设置为了 200% 后，UI 元素在⾼分屏下依旧显示过⼩。⽐如：ZOOM、⽹易云⾳乐等，为了解决这⼀问题可使⽤下⾯的命令来启动，即可正常显示。</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 启动zoom，缩放倍数可根据需要⾃⾏调整</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash plain">QT_SCALE_FACTOR=2 zoom</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 启动⽹易云⾳乐</code></div>
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<p>5. 使⽤ Deepin-Wine 安装 QQ/TIM/微信/Office/…</p>
<p>对于官⽹未提供了 Ubuntu 版本 .deb 安装⽂件，但 deepin 中有的应⽤程序，可以使⽤ Deepin-Wine 来安装。</p>
<p>wine 是⼀种在 Linux 平台实现了部分 Windows 系统 API 的技术，可以让⽤户在 Linux 平台⽆缝使⽤Windows 平台的应⽤程序。</p>
<p>deepin-wine 是国内的深度社区在 deepin linux 上经过改造的 wine 程序，并且社区在 deepin-wine 之上移植了很多的 Windows 软件，⽐如微信、QQ、TIM等。</p>
<p>github 上有⼈开发了⼀个项⽬ deepin-wine-ubuntu，将 deepin-wine 及其之上是配好的各种 deb 软件包迁移到了 Ubuntu 上。要安装微信、QQ等软件，我们需要先安装 deep-wine-ubuntu。⽅法如下：</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># ⾸先 clone deepin-wine-ubuntu 源码到本地</code></div>
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<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装脚本授权</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">chmod</code> <code class="bash plain">+x install_2.8.22.sh</code></div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装 deep-wine-ubuntu</code></div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/install_2</code><code class="bash plain">.8.22.sh</code></div>
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<p>deep-wine-ubuntu 安装完成之后，我们就可以下载深度社区提供的各种 deb 软件，具体安装⽅同第 4 ⼩节的安装⽅式</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">./<</code><code class="bash functions">file</code><code class="bash plain">>.deb</code></div>
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<p>深度社区提供的各种 deb 软件下载地址：</p>
<p>软件 下载地址<br>QQ https://mirrors.aliyun.com/deepin/pool/non-free/d/deepin.com.qq.im<br>TIM https://mirrors.aliyun.com/deepin/pool/non-free/d/deepin.com.qq.o!ice<br>微信 https://mirrors.aliyun.com/deepin/pool/non-free/d/deepin.com.wechat</p>
<p>更多安装⽅法及软件地址可以参考 https://github.com/wszqkzqk/deepin-wine-ubuntu</p>
<p>如果你的系统语⾔⾮中⽂，通过 deepin-wine 启动的软件中⽂会出现乱码。你需要将/opt/deepinwine/tools/run.sh ⽂件中 WINE_CMD 这⼀⾏修改为：<code>WINE_CMD=“LC_ALL=zh_CN.UTF-8 deepin-wine”</code></p>
<p>6. 安装 rmp 格式的软件</p>
<p>很多软件只提供了 rmp 格式的安装包，并未提供 deb 格式的安装包，⽐如：xmind。因此我们需要将其转为 deb 安装包在再进⾏安装。这⾥我们拿 xmind 来举例，看看如何操作。</p>
<p>⽐如我们下载了 xmind 安装包 XMind-2020.rpm：</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 添加 Universe 仓库（如果未添加）</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">add-apt-repository universe</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 更新</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt update</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 安装 Alien</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">alien</code></div>
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<div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="bash comments"># 将.rpm 包转换为.deb 包（当前⽬录下会⽣成⼀个 deb 安装包，⽐如：XMind-2020.deb）</code></div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">alien XMind-2020.rpm</code></div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="bash comments"># 安装</code></div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">dpkg -i XMind-2020.deb</code></div>
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<p><strong>四. 桌⾯美化</strong></p>
<p>1. 安装 tweek</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">gnome-tweak-tool</code></div>
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<p>2. 安装插件扩展⽀持</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 让 gnome ⽀持插件扩展</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">gnome-shell-extensions</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># chrome 浏览器扩展⽀持，可以使⽤浏览器安装插件</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">chrome-gnome-shell</code></div>
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<p>3. 常⽤插件清单</p>
<p>插件名 说明<br>Dash to Dock ⾃定义 dock<br>Screenshot Tool 截图插件<br>Clipboard Indicator 扩展粘贴板，可以看到历史粘贴内容<br>Coverflow Alt-Tab 修改 Alt-Tab 应⽤切换效果<br>Applications Menu 在顶部状态栏添加应⽤程序⼊⼝<br>OpenWeather 顶部状态栏显示天⽓数据<br>Places Status Indicator 顶部状态栏增加⽂件⽬录访问⼊⼝<br>Status Title Bar 在顶部状态栏中显示当前窗⼝的标题<br>GTK Title Bar 移除⾮ gtk 应⽤程序的标题栏<br>Hide Top Bar ⾃动隐藏状态栏<br>Transparent Top Bar 透明状态栏</p>
<p>更多扩展插件⼤家⾃⾏在https://extensions.gnome.org上探索吧。</p>
<p>4. 主题</p>
<p>可在 GNOME-LOOK 上下载各种桌⾯主题、Shell 主题、图标（icon）主题<br>安装桌⾯或者 shell 主题</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 解压下载的主题⽂件</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">tar</code> <code class="bash plain">-xvf FileName.</code><code class="bash functions">tar</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">解压</code></div>
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<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash comments"># 将解压后的主题⽂件拷⻉到 /usr/share/themes</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">cp</code> <code class="bash plain">-r FileName </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/share/themes</code></div>
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<p>安装 icon 主题</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 解压下载的主题⽂件</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">tar</code> <code class="bash plain">-xvf FileName.</code><code class="bash functions">tar</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">解压</code></div>
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<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash comments"># 将解压后的主题⽂件拷⻉到 /usr/share/icons</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">cp</code> <code class="bash plain">-r FileName </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/share/icons</code></div>
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<p>之后打开 Tweeks 选择安装的主题即可。<br>在这里插入图片描述</p>
<p>5. 壁纸</p>
<p>推荐⼏个下载 4K 8K 超⾼清壁纸的⽹站：<br>https://pixabay.com<br>https://unsplash.com<br>https://wallpapersite.com<br>https://wallpapershome.com</p>
<p>最后贴⼀张美化后的桌⾯（Applications Theme: SURU++; Icons Theme: Reversal）</p>
<p><img src="https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202006/2020060110060620.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>解压下载的主题⽂件</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">tar</code> <code class="bash plain">-xvf FileName.</code><code class="bash functions">tar</code> <code class="bash plain">//</code><code class="bash plain">解压</code></div>
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<p>将解压后的主题⽂件拷⻉到 /usr/share/themes</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">cp</code> <code class="bash plain">-r FileName </code><code class="bash plain">/usr/share/themes</code></div>
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<p><strong>五. 使⽤问题记录问题</strong></p>
<p><strong>⼀：Windows、Ubuntu 双系统时间不统⼀</strong></p>
<p>如果你是双系统，安装完 Ubuntu 设置好系统时间后，回到 Windows 会发现时间不统⼀。为了理解为什<br>么，我们得先了解点基础知识：</p>
<ul>
<li>UTC(Coordinated Universal Time)，协调世界时（世界统⼀时间)；</li>
<li>GMT(Greenwich Mean Time)，格林威治标准时间。</li>
</ul>
<p>Windows 与类 Unix 系统(Unix/Linux/Mac)看待系统硬件时间的⽅式是不⼀样的：</p>
<ul>
<li>Windows 把计算机硬件时间当作本地时间(local time)，所以在 Windows 系统中显示的时间跟 BIOS中显示的时间是⼀样的。</li>
<li>类 Unix 系统把计算机硬件时间当作 UTC， 所以系统启动后会在该时间的基础上，加上电脑设置的时区数(⽐中国就加8)，因此Ubuntu 中显示的时间总是⽐ Windows 中显示的时间快 8 ⼩时。</li>
</ul>
<p>当你在 Ubuntu 中把系统显示的时间设置正确后，计算机硬件时间就变成了在这个时间上减去 8 ⼩时，所以当你切换成 Windows 系统后慢了8⼩时，就是这个原因。</p>
<p>解决⽅案：在 Ubuntu 中把计算机硬件的时间改成系统显示时间，即禁⽤ Ubuntu 中的 UTC</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash plain">timedatectl </code><code class="bash functions">set</code><code class="bash plain">-</code><code class="bash functions">local</code><code class="bash plain">-rtc 1 --adjust-system-clock</code></div>
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<p><strong>问题⼆：Ubuntu 循环登陆</strong></p>
<p>这个问题是我在 Ubuntu19.10 版本遇到的，20.04 版本中我没做验证，不确定是否有同样的问题。</p>
<p>在解决问题之前，先补充⼀个关键知识点：显示管理器（Display Manager），它⽤来提供图形化登陆，<br>向⽤户显示图形化登陆界⾯，并处理⽤户身份验证。Linux 中常⻅的显示管理器包括 gdm3、kdm、<br>LightDM等：</p>
<ul>
<li>gdm3: gdm3 是 gdm 的继承者，它是 GNOME 的显示管理器；</li>
<li>kdm: kdm 是 KDE 的显示管理器；</li>
<li>LightDM: LightDM 是⼀个轻量级的显示管理器，他是显示管理器的规范解决⽅案。</li>
</ul>
<p>原因：</p>
<p>实操验证，初步断定是因为设置中开启了⾃动登陆，触发了 dgm3 的某种 bug 导致的。（Ubuntu19.10默认使⽤的是 GNOME 桌⾯系统， ⽽ gdm3 是 GNOME 的显示管理器）</p>
<p>解决⽅案：使⽤ LightDM 替换 gdm3</p>
<p>第⼀步：安装 LightDM（由于你现在⽆法进⼊图形化桌⾯，因此需要你在登陆⻚⾯使⽤ ctl + alt + F2 快捷<br>键进⼊命令⾏模式，输⼊账号密码登陆，然后使⽤下⾯的命令安装）</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt-get </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">lightdm</code></div>
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<p>安装完成后，系统会⾃动弹框要求你选择当前系统中已安装的显示管理器，选择 lightdm。</p>
<p>第⼆步：重启</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">reboot</code></div>
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<p>重启完就能正常登陆了。</p>
<p>这时候你会发现登陆界⾯变了，如果你想切回之前的登陆界⾯，在进⼊系统后把⾃动登陆关闭，然后实现下⾯的命令重新选择 gdm3 显示管理器即可（需重启⽣效）</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">dpkg-reconfigure gdm3</code></div>
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<p>并不是把⾃动登陆关闭后 gdm3 的 bug 就⼀定能规避掉，这⼀点可能只适⽤于我安装的Ubuntu19.10；我这⾥说的原因也不⼀定适⽤所有⼈。但有⼀点可以肯定的是，如果出现循环登陆的情况，更换显示管理器通常是能解决问题的。</p>
<p>如果你想查看当前系统正在运⾏的显示管理器，可以使⽤下⾯的命令：</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash functions">cat</code> <code class="bash plain">/etc/X11/default-display-manager</code></div>
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<p><strong>问题三：NVIDIA 驱动修复</strong></p>
<p>Ubuntu 20.04 ⾃带了 nvidia 显卡驱动，但是被我不⼩⼼玩坏了。主要表现在：</p>
<p>1、前⾯提到的 xrandr 命令失效，⽆法实现⼩数倍缩放；</p>
<p>2、NVIDIA X Server Settings 客户端打开空⽩；</p>
<p>3、命令⾏执⾏ nvidia-settings 命令出错；</p>
<p>4、Settings>Displays（设置>显示）中⽆法设置多种分辨率等等。</p>
<p>如果你也和我遇到同样的问题，或者希望⼿动安装显卡驱动，可以按照下⾯的⽅式操作。(需要⾸先到NVIDIA 官⽹下载你设备对应的显卡驱动)</p>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 先安装⼀些依赖库</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt </code><code class="bash functions">install</code> <code class="bash plain">build-essential libglvnd-dev pkg-config</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 停⽌桌⾯管理器，进⼊命令⾏摸索</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">telinit 3</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 删除已安装的 nvidia 驱动</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">apt purge </code><code class="bash string">"nvidia*"</code></div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># ⼿动安装显卡驱动</code></div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash functions">bash</code> <code class="bash plain">NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-440.82.run</code></div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="bash comments"># 重启</code></div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="bash functions">sudo</code> <code class="bash plain">reboot</code></div>
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<p>更多显卡驱动⽅式可参考：https://linuxconfig.org/how-to-install-the-nvidia-drivers-on-ubuntu-20-04-focal-fossa-linux</p>
<p>参考⽂档：</p>
<ul>
<li>HiDPI#⾮整数倍缩放</li>
<li>终极 Shell</li>
<li>How to install the NVIDIA drivers on Ubuntu 20.04 Focal Fossa Linux</li>
</ul>
<p>参考链接 ：</p>
<p>Ubuntu 18.04 安装、配置和美化 :https://www.cnblogs.com/xiyu714/p/9900525.html</p>
<p>到此这篇关于Ubuntu 20.04最佳配置指南(新手必备)的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关Ubuntu 20.04配置内容请搜索脚本之家以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持脚本之家！</p>
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