Linux中拷贝 cp命令中拷贝所有的写法详解
<p>今天在编写一个脚本的时候，发现一个比较奇怪的问题：就是在使用cp拷贝当前目录下所有文件到目标目录的时候，源和目标目录大小不同。原来一直没有留意有这样的问题，后来查了些资料，才知道以前一直使用的格式有误，</p>
<p>
<strong>一、预备 </strong></p>
<p>
cp就是拷贝，最简单的使用方式就是：</p>
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<code class="bash functions">cp</code> <code class="bash plain">oldfile newfile</code>
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但这样只能拷贝文件，不能拷贝目录，所以通常用：</p>
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<code class="bash functions">cp</code> <code class="bash plain">-r old/ new/</code>
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那就会把old目录整个拷贝到new目录下。注意，不是把old目录里面的文件拷贝到new目录，而是把old直接拷贝到new下面，结果是：</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ll new/</code>
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<code class="bash plain">total 4</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:55 old</code>
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<p>
那如果要保持源文件的所有权限，可以这样：</p>
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<code class="bash functions">cp</code> <code class="bash plain">-rp old/ new/</code>
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-p参数，可以保持权限、宿主、时间栈，还可能包括link等；还有更简单的，就是用：</p>
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<code class="bash functions">cp</code> <code class="bash plain">-a old</code><code class="bash plain">/new/</code>
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<p>
-a参数，就等于-dpR。</p>
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<strong>二、问题1 </strong></p>
<p>
好，我们来看看这次的问题。环境是：</p>
<p>
◎两个目录：old、new，其中old里面有个三个内容：test1文件、test2目录，还有就是.test3，这是一个隐含文件。</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ll -laR</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.:</code>
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<code class="bash plain">total 20</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:55 .</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:59 ..</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 new</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 old</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/new</code><code class="bash plain">:</code>
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<code class="bash plain">total 8</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 .</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:55 ..</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/old</code><code class="bash plain">:</code>
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<code class="bash plain">total 12</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 .</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:55 ..</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 15 12:07 .test3</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 15 12:05 test1</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 test2</code>
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<code class="bash plain">.</code><code class="bash plain">/old/test2</code><code class="bash plain">:</code>
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<code class="bash plain">total 8</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 .</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 ..</code>
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<p>
<strong>◎操作一：</strong></p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cp -a old/* new/</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ll -laR new/</code>
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<code class="bash plain">new/:</code>
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<code class="bash plain">total 12</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:15 .</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:55 ..</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 15 12:05 test1</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 test2</code>
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<code class="bash plain">new</code><code class="bash plain">/test2</code><code class="bash plain">:</code>
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<code class="bash plain">total 8</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 .</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:15 ..</code>
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<p>
问题出来了：隐含的.test3文件没有一齐拷贝到new目录下。</p>
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原因是：参数使用不正确。这样的写法，通常都是因为熟悉了过去Dos的格式（包括我自己），而实际在bash环境下，cp使用是不能匹配类似.开头的隐含文件的。</p>
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<strong>◎操作二 </strong></p>
<p>
正确的写法应该这样：</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cp -a old/. new/</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ll -laR new/</code>
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<code class="bash plain">new/:</code>
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<code class="bash plain">total 12</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 .</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:55 ..</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 15 12:07 .test3</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 15 12:05 test1</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 test2</code>
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<code class="bash plain">new</code><code class="bash plain">/test2</code><code class="bash plain">:</code>
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<code class="bash plain">total 8</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 .</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 ..</code>
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<p>
不用*号，而用.号代替。</p>
<p>
还有一种比较复杂一些的写法：</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cp -a old/* old/.[^.]* new/</code>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ll -laR new/</code>
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<code class="bash plain">new/:</code>
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<code class="bash plain">total 12</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:25 .</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:55 ..</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 15 12:07 .test3</code>
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<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 15 12:05 test1</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 test2</code>
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<code class="bash plain">new</code><code class="bash plain">/test2</code><code class="bash plain">:</code>
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<code class="bash plain">total 8</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 .</code>
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<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:25 ..</code>
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<p>
请注意写法，不要写成.*了。（原因请看下面）</p>
<p>
<strong>三、问题2 </strong></p>
<p>
上面提到不要写成.，那.代表什么？</p>
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<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># echo .*</code>
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<code class="bash plain">. ..</code>
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<p>
.*代表的是当前目录，以及上一层目录。</p>
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所以，使用.*会导致更大的问题：</p>
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<td class="code">
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cp -a old/.* new/</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash functions">cp</code><code class="bash plain">: cannot copy a directory, `old/..</code><code class="bash string">', into itself, `new/'</code>
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash functions">cp</code><code class="bash plain">: cannot copy a directory, `old/..</code><code class="bash string">', into itself, `new/'</code>
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1">
<code class="bash functions">cp</code><code class="bash plain">: will not create hard link `new</code><code class="bash plain">/old</code><code class="bash string">' to directory `new/.'</code>
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<div class="line number5 index4 alt2">
<code class="bash functions">cp</code><code class="bash plain">: overwrite `new/.test3'? y</code>
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<div class="line number6 index5 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># ll -laR new/</code>
</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">new/:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">total 16</code>
</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:55 .</code>
</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:55 ..</code>
</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 15 12:07 .test3</code>
</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 new</code>
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 15 12:05 test1</code>
</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 test2</code>
</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">new</code><code class="bash plain">/new</code><code class="bash plain">:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">total 8</code>
</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 .</code>
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:55 ..</code>
</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 15 12:07 .test3</code>
</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 15 12:05 test1</code>
</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1">
</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">new</code><code class="bash plain">/test2</code><code class="bash plain">:</code>
</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">total 8</code>
</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:14 .</code>
</div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1">
<code class="bash plain">drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 11:55 ..</code>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool">
<div class="code_n">
<textarea></textarea>
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</div>
</div>
<p>
也就是说，使用.*就等于这样了：</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighterbash" id="highlighter_696807">
<div class="toolbar">
<span>?</span>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr>
<td class="gutter">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
1</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
2</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
3</div>
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<td class="code">
<div class="container">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># cp -a old/. old/.. old/.test3 new/</code>
</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1">
<code class="bash plain"></code><code class="bash comments"># echo old/.*</code>
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<div class="line number3 index2 alt2">
<code class="bash plain">old/. old/.. old/.test3</code>
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</div>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="codetool" id="codetool">
<div class="code_n">
<textarea></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持。</p>
<p>
原文链接：http://blog.csdn.net/itjavawfc/article/details/53934332</p>
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